USMLE- United States Medical Licensing Examinations Exam Bundle(100% Pass)

Describe the basic embryological process behind development of the neural tube - Answer-- the* notochord* induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form the neural plate (day 18) - the neural plate invaginates to form the *neural tube* and at the same time, cells demarginat...

Foregut - Answer-Pharynx to duodenum Midgut - Answer-Duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon Hindgut - Answer-Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to anal canal above pectinate line Abnormal Rostral Fold Closure - Answer-Developmental defect of anterior abdominal wall that leads to STERNAL D...

What transporter is found on Erythrocytes and what is the function? - Answer-HCO3-/Cl- antiporter HCO3- leaves the RBC and Cl- moves into RBC (chloride shift) Source of energy for RBC and how is it used? - Answer-GLUCOSE - 90% in glycolysis - 10% in HMP shunt Platelets a. Life span b....

Where is the site of b-cell localization in lymph nodes? - Answer-Follicle (within the cortex) Secondary follicles with pale central germinal centers are inactive/acitve? - Answer-active Primary follicles are dense and inactive/active? - Answer-inactive Where are T-cells house in the thymus...

Drug of choice for management of chronic generalized anxiety disorder - Answer-antidepressants <i>velaxafine and SSRIs preferred over TCAs What drugs can be used for acute treatment of generalized anxiety disorder or as adjuncts during initiation of antidepressant therapy? - Answer-benzo...

Cross-sectional study - Answer-"What is happening?" - assesses frequency of disease at a particular point in time to determine disease prevalence and risk factor association with a disease Case-control study - Answer-"What happened?" - compares a group with the disease to a group without the ...

What cytokine(s) can recruit leukocytes by inducing the secretion of cytokines? - Answer-IL-1, TNF-alpha What cytokine(s) causes the production of acute phase proteins? - Answer-IL-6 What cytokine(s) is a major chemotactic factor for PMNs (neutrophils)? - Answer-IL-8 What cytokine(s) induce...

what cell takes up bacteria from the ileum and present antigen to immune cells - Answer-M cell on peyer patch that will then secrete IgA what is the histology of hashimoto tyroiditis - Answer-follicular destruction and germinal center formation what fungi is seen with mucicarmine staining - An...

GI embryology: foregut - Answer-pharynx to duodenum GI embryology: midgut - Answer-duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon GI embryology: hindgut - Answer-distal 1/3 of transverse colon to anal canal above pectinate line GI embryology: gastroschisis - Answer-extrusion of abdominal ...

What kind of virus is HIV - Answer-Retrovirus → RNA virus (has reverse transcriptase) Diploid Genome (2 molecules of RNA) What does the env gene encode? - Answer-gp120 & gp41 What does the gag gene encode? - Answer-p24 → Capsid protein What does the pol gene encode? - Answer-Reverse ...

What is metatarsus adductus? - Answer-congenital foot deformity that tend to spontaneously resolve on their own NO treatment necessary How does phenylketonuria present? - Answer-AR disorder deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase (phenylalanine to tyrosine) -->seizures and MR Dx: Guthrie...

Diphenhydramine toxicity - Answer-sedation, antimuscarinic, anti alpha adrenergic DNA from three vesicles on a person infected with HSV, when treated with restriction enzymes will show what pattern of bands? - Answer-all bands will be identical pt has fever, hx of several pyelonephritis, urose...

What are the common causes of *respiratory acidosis*? - Answer-1. COPD 2. Asthma 3. Sleep Apnea 4. Drugs (eg. opioids, benzos, barbiturates, alcohol, other respiratory depressants) 5. Chest wall problems (eg. paralysis, pain) What are the common causes of *metabolic acidosis*? - Answer-1. Et...

Anti-ACh receptor - Answer-Myasthenia Gravis Anti-Basement Membrane - Answer-Goodpasture Syndrome Anticardiolipin - Answer-SLE (antiphospholipid syndrome) Anticentromere - Answer-CREST Scleroderma Anti-Desmosome - Answer-Pemphigus Vulgaris Anti-Desmoglein - Answer-Pemphigus Vulgaris ...

infant with somnolence, vomiting, cerebral edema, decreased BUN, hyperammonemia - Answer-ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency infantile cataracts, doesn't track objects, absent social smile - Answer-galactokinase deficiency infantile cataracts, hepatomegaly, jaundice, failure to thrive - An...

measure of extrinsic clotting pathway - Answer-PT measure of intrinsic clotting pathway - Answer-PTT elevated PT and PTT - Answer-vitamin K deficiency DIC Glu-->Val point mutation - Answer-sickle cell disease elevated γ hemoglobin - Answer-HbF: beta thalassemia major, sickle cell di...

Old lady with severe right hip pain after a fall. Current meds - low dose prenisone. 40 pack year history of smoking. Injury to what artery is most likely to lead to osteonecrosis? - Answer-*Medial circumflex femoral* Medial circumflex supplies blood to the head of the femur. *CAST Bent...

What are the two major microtubular motor proteins? Which does anterograde axonal transport, which does retrograde axonal transport? - Answer-Kinesin, Dynein Kinesin: Anterograde Dynein: Retrograde` What do you think, immunologically speaking, when you see someone with recurrent Neisseria inf...

Penicillin mechanism - Answer-binds to penicillin binding proteins in peptidoglycan (blocks transpeptidase crosslinking); activates autolytic enzymes penicillin use - Answer-gram positives and syphilis penicillin toxicity - Answer-hypersensitivity reactions, hemolytic anemia penicillinase r...

Sensitivity - Answer-TP / (TP + FN) Specificity - Answer-TN / (TN + TP) Positive Predictive Value - Answer-TP / (TP + FP) Negative Predictive Value - Answer-TN / (FN + TN) Incidence Rate - Answer-# of new cases in a certain time period / population that is at risk during that time period...

Causes of heart block - Answer-"LSD Loves Company" Lyme disease Shigella Diptheria Legionella Chagas Low Compliment Bugs - Answer-"I AM HE" Influenza Adenovirus Mycoplasma Hep B, C EBV Causes of Reiter's Syndrome - Answer-"Crohn and I Saw Yersinia and got Chlamydia" Shigella...

Penicillin - Answer-B-Lactam Mech: Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan and activation of autolytic enzymes. Clinical: Gram(+) (S. Pneumoniae, S. Pyogenes, Actinomyces) Syphilis. Prophylaxis for endocarditis with surgery. Tox: Hypersensitivity and hemolytic anemia Resist: B-lacta...

P450 Inducers, Substrates, and Inhibitors - Answer-Inducers: Chronic Alcohol Abuse, St. John's Wort, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Nevirapine, Rifampin, Griseofulvin, Carbamazepine ("Chronic Alcoholics Steal Phen-Phen and Never Refuse Greasy Carbs") Substrates: Anti-epileptics, Theophylline, Warfa...

co-dominance examples - Answer-blood groups a-1 antitrypsin deficiency variable expressivity example - Answer-NF1 incomplete penetrance example - Answer-BRCA1 mutations don't always result in breast/ovarian cancer pleiotropy: definition and example - Answer-one gene contributes to multipl...

*RICKETS* d/t vit D def -notice femurs bowed out (genu varum) - Answer-x-ray of legs of toddler Gaucher's cells in *Gaucher's Dz* (lysosomal storage Dz); macrophage looks like crumpled tissue paper - Answer-histo of macrophage foam cells (stored w/ fat) in *niemann pick Dz* - Answer-histo o...