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[Show more]immune system an integrated system of organs tissues cells and cell products 
it differentiates self from non-self and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances 
capable of responding to nearly any foreign molecular structure 
Innate Immunity barriers to infection nonspecific respon...
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Add to cartimmune system an integrated system of organs tissues cells and cell products 
it differentiates self from non-self and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances 
capable of responding to nearly any foreign molecular structure 
Innate Immunity barriers to infection nonspecific respon...
In the sympathetic nervous system, _______________ is secreted by postganglionic neurons onto target tissues. norepinephrine 
Preganglionic neurons are relatively shorter in the ________ nervous system. sympatheitc 
The ___________ nervous system has thoracolumbar emanations from the CNS. sympatheti...
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Add to cartIn the sympathetic nervous system, _______________ is secreted by postganglionic neurons onto target tissues. norepinephrine 
Preganglionic neurons are relatively shorter in the ________ nervous system. sympatheitc 
The ___________ nervous system has thoracolumbar emanations from the CNS. sympatheti...
When DNA is not repaired or cannot be repaired, what is the end result? Apoptosis- programmed cell death or mutation. 
A mutation occurs in a dog egg that changes a A to a T. This egg is fertilized and a puppy is born. What are the effects, if any? If the mutation is recessive, there will be no chan...
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Add to cartWhen DNA is not repaired or cannot be repaired, what is the end result? Apoptosis- programmed cell death or mutation. 
A mutation occurs in a dog egg that changes a A to a T. This egg is fertilized and a puppy is born. What are the effects, if any? If the mutation is recessive, there will be no chan...
What is a microorganism (microbe)? -microscopic unicellular organisms -not just bacterial -exist in all 3 domains (eukaryotic, bacteria, archaea) -viruses also considered microbes 
eukaryotes -protists and fungi -extensive membrane-bound organelles -DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus -cells ar...
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Add to cartWhat is a microorganism (microbe)? -microscopic unicellular organisms -not just bacterial -exist in all 3 domains (eukaryotic, bacteria, archaea) -viruses also considered microbes 
eukaryotes -protists and fungi -extensive membrane-bound organelles -DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus -cells ar...
Cell The small unit of life that can function independently; 
A three-dimensional structure, surrounded by a membrane and a prokaryotes and most plants by cell wall, in which many of the essential chemical reactions with life of an organism takes place 
cell theory A unifying and universally accepte...
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Add to cartCell The small unit of life that can function independently; 
A three-dimensional structure, surrounded by a membrane and a prokaryotes and most plants by cell wall, in which many of the essential chemical reactions with life of an organism takes place 
cell theory A unifying and universally accepte...
Selective Toxicity the ability of a drug, at a given dose, to harm the pathogen and not the host 
Spectrum of activity the range of pathogens for which an antimicrobial agent is effective 
Drug susceptibility factors the relative effectiveness the average attainable tissue levels the route of admini...
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Add to cartSelective Toxicity the ability of a drug, at a given dose, to harm the pathogen and not the host 
Spectrum of activity the range of pathogens for which an antimicrobial agent is effective 
Drug susceptibility factors the relative effectiveness the average attainable tissue levels the route of admini...
Human microbiome All of the microbes (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, archaea) that live within the human body and their collective genome. 
Beneficial microbial interactions 1. Synthesis of metabolites - vitamins and nutrients 2. Carbohydrate digestion 3. Protect from pathogenic microbes by competing fo...
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Add to cartHuman microbiome All of the microbes (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, archaea) that live within the human body and their collective genome. 
Beneficial microbial interactions 1. Synthesis of metabolites - vitamins and nutrients 2. Carbohydrate digestion 3. Protect from pathogenic microbes by competing fo...
A cell that produces many proteins for secretion would have large numbers of A) rough ER and Golgi apparatus. B) lysosomes and Golgi apparatus. C) Golgi apparatus and microvilli. D) free ribosomes and Golgi apparatus. E) mitochondria and cilia. A) rough ER and Golgi apparatus. 
Which amino acid has ...
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Add to cartA cell that produces many proteins for secretion would have large numbers of A) rough ER and Golgi apparatus. B) lysosomes and Golgi apparatus. C) Golgi apparatus and microvilli. D) free ribosomes and Golgi apparatus. E) mitochondria and cilia. A) rough ER and Golgi apparatus. 
Which amino acid has ...
Explain the methodology for measuring the photosynthetic rate in a closed aquatic environment. Connect a Plexiglas leaf chamber to a CO2 sensor so the change in concentration can be measured. The IRGA is the CO2 analyzer. Calibrate the analyzer with CO2 free air and CO2 air making sure the response ...
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Add to cartExplain the methodology for measuring the photosynthetic rate in a closed aquatic environment. Connect a Plexiglas leaf chamber to a CO2 sensor so the change in concentration can be measured. The IRGA is the CO2 analyzer. Calibrate the analyzer with CO2 free air and CO2 air making sure the response ...
Free energy differs from total energy because: It is available to do work. 
Life relies on two key reactions: the oxidation of glucose to produce CO2 and water and the reaction of CO2 and water to produce glucose. These reactions are: Exergonic and endergonic, respectively 
A reaction that is exergo...
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Add to cartFree energy differs from total energy because: It is available to do work. 
Life relies on two key reactions: the oxidation of glucose to produce CO2 and water and the reaction of CO2 and water to produce glucose. These reactions are: Exergonic and endergonic, respectively 
A reaction that is exergo...
produces a functional RNA, which usually encodes a protein structural gene 
regulates the expression of a structural gene. - Does not encode an RNA or protein - Includes promoters & binding sites for regulatory proteins regulatory sequence 
most have one circular chromosome bacteria and archaea 
are...
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Add to cartproduces a functional RNA, which usually encodes a protein structural gene 
regulates the expression of a structural gene. - Does not encode an RNA or protein - Includes promoters & binding sites for regulatory proteins regulatory sequence 
most have one circular chromosome bacteria and archaea 
are...
what is a population? a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time 
 
what is a community? A group of populations of different species living and interacting in an area. 
 
what is an ecosystem? A community of populations and its abiotic environment 
 
microbio...
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Add to cartwhat is a population? a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time 
 
what is a community? A group of populations of different species living and interacting in an area. 
 
what is an ecosystem? A community of populations and its abiotic environment 
 
microbio...
Microbial genomes consist of one or more DNA chromosomes 
Circular or linear, chromosomes or plasmids 
Usually one circular DNA chromosome 
Genome All genetic info that defines an organism 
Genes Contiguous packets of info encoded on chromosomes 
A structural gene produces a functional RNA, which us...
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Add to cartMicrobial genomes consist of one or more DNA chromosomes 
Circular or linear, chromosomes or plasmids 
Usually one circular DNA chromosome 
Genome All genetic info that defines an organism 
Genes Contiguous packets of info encoded on chromosomes 
A structural gene produces a functional RNA, which us...
dendrites branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information 
axon hillock the conical region of a neuron's axon where it joins the cell body; typically the region where nerve signals is generated. 
myelin sheath a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many ...
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Add to cartdendrites branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information 
axon hillock the conical region of a neuron's axon where it joins the cell body; typically the region where nerve signals is generated. 
myelin sheath a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many ...
Typical definition of GeneticsThe study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation 
What is a gene?•Basic unit of heredity •Sequence of DNA that codes for a product (RNA or protein) and it's regulatory regions •Located on chromosomes 
What is an allele?One of two or more versions of a gene 
Wh...
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Add to cartTypical definition of GeneticsThe study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation 
What is a gene?•Basic unit of heredity •Sequence of DNA that codes for a product (RNA or protein) and it's regulatory regions •Located on chromosomes 
What is an allele?One of two or more versions of a gene 
Wh...
Griffith's Transformation Experiment - S-strain: smooth, virulent - R-strain: rough, non-virulent - heat killed S-strain: non-virulent - heat killed S-strain + R-strain: virulent - live cells could be recovered form dead mice, living R-cells "transformed" by dead S-cells 
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty...
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Add to cartGriffith's Transformation Experiment - S-strain: smooth, virulent - R-strain: rough, non-virulent - heat killed S-strain: non-virulent - heat killed S-strain + R-strain: virulent - live cells could be recovered form dead mice, living R-cells "transformed" by dead S-cells 
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty...
Electronegativity attracts/wants a lot of electrons (ex. h20; O2's electronegativity leads to an unequal sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen; aka it's a polar molecule) 
Hydrogen Bonds Very weak, but if you have enough of them. they can be significant (ex. a lot of water molecules can...
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Add to cartElectronegativity attracts/wants a lot of electrons (ex. h20; O2's electronegativity leads to an unequal sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen; aka it's a polar molecule) 
Hydrogen Bonds Very weak, but if you have enough of them. they can be significant (ex. a lot of water molecules can...
The atria function in the heart to do all EXCEPT? pump blood to fill the ventricle from empty to maximum 
What does the atria function as in the heart? a. increase the pressure in the ventricles before ventricular contraction b. collect blood from the major veins of the body c. send blood through at...
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Add to cartThe atria function in the heart to do all EXCEPT? pump blood to fill the ventricle from empty to maximum 
What does the atria function as in the heart? a. increase the pressure in the ventricles before ventricular contraction b. collect blood from the major veins of the body c. send blood through at...
spontaneous mutations mutations that arise without external influence - naturally occurring 
induced mutations mutations that are derived by exposure to mutagenic agents or procedures - occur at a much higher frequency than spontaneous 
somatic mutations mutations that occur in somatic cells - will ...
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Add to cartspontaneous mutations mutations that arise without external influence - naturally occurring 
induced mutations mutations that are derived by exposure to mutagenic agents or procedures - occur at a much higher frequency than spontaneous 
somatic mutations mutations that occur in somatic cells - will ...
what is the distance between two points that can be resolved with the naked human eye? and what determines this? We can resolve between two points at a maximum distance of 200 um. This is determined by the magnification and wavelength of the light 
difference between resolution and detection Resolut...
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Add to cartwhat is the distance between two points that can be resolved with the naked human eye? and what determines this? We can resolve between two points at a maximum distance of 200 um. This is determined by the magnification and wavelength of the light 
difference between resolution and detection Resolut...
Microbes Microscopic single-cell organisms Can exist as a single cell or in various types of colonies or multi-cellular formations that exhibit cellular differentiation - Self-replicating bioconversion machines - drivers of many chemical conversions 
Why is genetic diversity important? Genetic diver...
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Add to cartMicrobes Microscopic single-cell organisms Can exist as a single cell or in various types of colonies or multi-cellular formations that exhibit cellular differentiation - Self-replicating bioconversion machines - drivers of many chemical conversions 
Why is genetic diversity important? Genetic diver...
What is the study of ecology?A study of trying to understand the functioning of microbial communities. 
What are the four general steps to try an understand the functioning of microbial communities?1. The habitat is the starting point 
2. Then identify which organisms are there 
3. Then figure out w...
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Add to cartWhat is the study of ecology?A study of trying to understand the functioning of microbial communities. 
What are the four general steps to try an understand the functioning of microbial communities?1. The habitat is the starting point 
2. Then identify which organisms are there 
3. Then figure out w...
What is meant by the term "resting membrane potential"? How is it maintained? Resting membrane potential is when the equilibrium potential of a Na+/K+ pump is between -65 and -85. (-90mV for K+, +60mV for Na+) 
It is maintained by the Na+/K+ pump but is generated by the unequal distribution of ion...
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Add to cartWhat is meant by the term "resting membrane potential"? How is it maintained? Resting membrane potential is when the equilibrium potential of a Na+/K+ pump is between -65 and -85. (-90mV for K+, +60mV for Na+) 
It is maintained by the Na+/K+ pump but is generated by the unequal distribution of ion...
How do microbes benefit people? Soil fertility, domestic animal production, large scale industrial processes, hydrolyze carbs in stomach, produce foods and beverages, mining of metals 
Four basic macromolecules Proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), lipids, polysaccharides 
Why do bacteria have a cell ...
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Add to cartHow do microbes benefit people? Soil fertility, domestic animal production, large scale industrial processes, hydrolyze carbs in stomach, produce foods and beverages, mining of metals 
Four basic macromolecules Proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), lipids, polysaccharides 
Why do bacteria have a cell ...
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