High yield and organized notes about the axial skeletal system. It contains detailed explanation about the skull & cranial fossa, ossicles of the middle ea r, thoracic cage adn the vertebral column.
Anatomy Comprehensive Notes on Large Intestine, Superior and Inferior Mesenteric Arteries and Veins associated structures
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Centro Escolar University
Anatomy (MDANAT201A)
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ANATOMY
Axial Skeleton
SKULL AND CRANIAL FOSSA
OUTLINE
I. Skull and Cranial Fossa • Cranium- has 22 bones excluding the ossicles of the
a. Calvaria ear
b. Facial Skeleton o The bones of the skull are attached to each
II. Hyoid Bone other (by sutures- fibrous joints) except for
III. Ossicles of the Middle ear
the mandible
a. Malleus
b. Incus o Parts of the Cranium:
c. Stapes Calvaria
IV. Thoracic Cage Facial Skeleton
a. Sternum
b. Ribs CALVARIA
i. Typical
ii. Atypical • Surrounds the cranial cavity
c. Vertebral Column
i. Typical Cervical vertebrae
ii. Atypical Cervical vertebrae Temporal- paired bones
iii. Typical Thoracic vertebrae Parietal- paired bones
iv. Typical Lumbar vertebra
v. Sacrum Articulation
vi. Coccyx
vii. Variations in the vertebrae Frontal bone Coronal suture
viii. Joints of Vertebral column
ix. Intervertebral discs Occipital bone Lambdoid suture
x. Scoliosis
xi. Lumbar Tap Temporal bone Squamosal suture
Skeletal system
Frontal- unpaired, irregular shape flat bone
• support the weight of the erect body (bones of the o forms most of the forehead, the root of orbits
legs, pelvic girdle, and vertebral column) o contains frontal air sinuses (lighten up the
skull and act as resonator to the voice)
• Protects the brain (skull), lungs & heart (ribs and
Sphenoid- unpaired irregular (butterfly) shaped bone
sternum), and spinal cord (vertebrae)
o contributes the middle cranial fossa
• Movement o contains sella turcica (Turkish
• Reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue: saddle)/hypophysial fossa/pituitary fossa
o 99% of body’s calcium depression w/c lodges the pituitary
o 85% of body’s phosphorous gland
o Adipose tissue is found in the marrow of Ethmoid- irregular shaped bone
certain bones o forms cribiform plate, crista gallae,
• Hematopoiesis- blood cell formation perpendicular plate
o contributes to the formation of anterior cranial
AXIAL SKELETON fossa and nasal cavity
o contains air sinuses
• extending in a direction perpendicular to the plane of a Occipital- unpaired
cyclic structure
• relating or situated in the central part of the body, in
the head and trunk as distinguished from the limbs
• forms the central axis of the body (skull, vertebral
column, and thoracic cage)
• Consists of 80 bones and composed of six parts: skull
(22 bones), ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid bone, rib
cage, sternum, and vertebral column
Bregma- point where coronal and sagittal sutures
meet
o forms the boundaries of anterior fontanelle
(for assessment of hydration/increase
intracranial pressure) in fetal skull
Lambda- junction of sagittal and lambdoid sutures
o site of posterior fontanelle
Opening Bone of the Skull Structure
Transmitted
Perforations in cribriform plate Ethmoid Olfactory nerves
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, ANATOMY
Axial Skeleton
Pterion- point where the sutures between parietal, • Posterior Cranial Fossa- deepest and largest
sphenoid, frontal, and temporal squama converge o Cerebellum, Pons, and Medulla oblongata
o weakest and thinnest part of the skull
o contain the anterior division of MMA (Middle BOUNDARIES
Anterior superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone
Meningeal artery) Posterior internal surface of the squamous part of the occipital bone
Opening Bone of the Skull Structures Transmitted
Foramen Occipital - Medulla oblongata
Magnum
- Spinal part of accessory nerve
- Right & Left Vertebral arteries
Hypoglossal Hypoglossal nerve
canal
Jugular Between petrous part of - Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and
foramen Temporal and condylar accessory nerves
part of Occipital
- Sigmoid sinus becomes internal
jugular vein
CRANIAL FOSSA Internal Petrous part of temporal - Vestibulocochlear and facial nerves
acoustic
• any of the three large depressions in the posterior, meatus
middle, and anterior aspects of the floor of cranial
cavity
PARTS OF THE BRAIN LODGED IN CRANIAL FOSSA FACIAL SKELETON
• Anterior Cranial Fossa- Frontal lobes • Viscerocranium
• 14 bones
BOUNDARIES
Anterior inner surface of the frontal lobe
Midline crest for attachment of falx cerebri Nasal bones- found in anterior part of the skull
Posterior bounded by the lesser wings of the sphenoid o Small, paired bones w/c articulate at midline
w/ the nasal bone from opposite side
o forms the bony part of the nose (nose bridge)
• Middle Cranial Fossa- Temporal lobes Palatine bones- L-shaped bone found in the oral
cavity
BOUNDARIES
Anterior lesser wings of the sphenoid o forms posterior portion of hard palate
Lateral greater wings of the sphenoid Lacrimal bones- smallest and most delicate bone of
Posterior petrous part of the temporal bone the skull
Zygomatic bones- paired irregular shaped bone
Opening Bone of the Skull Structure Transmitted
o forms part of floor and lateral wall of orbit
Optic Lesser wing of - Optic nerve o cheek bone
canal Sphenoid - Opthalmic artery Maxillae bones- left and right maxillae unite to form
Superior Between Lesser & - Lacrimal, Frontal, Trochlear, Oculomotor, the upper jaw
Orbital Greater wings of Nasociliary & Abducent nerves o contains alveoli (socket) for teeth and
fissure Sphenoid - Superior ophthalmic vein
Foramen Greater wing of - Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
maxillary air sinus on each side
Rotundum Sphenoid Inferior Nasal Conchae- shelf-like projection of the
Foramen - Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve bone
Ovale
Foramen MMA o covered by thick mucosa
Spinosum o articulates with ethmoid bone
Foramen Between petrous - Internal carotid artery o increases nasal cavity surface area
Lacerum part of Temporal - filled with cartilage
and Sphenoid o plays important role in humidifying inhaled air
Vomer- unpaired plow-shaped bone
o forms posterior and inferior part of nasal
septum
o articulates w/ septal cartilage and
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Mandible- unpaired, U-shaped bone
o each side consist of body (horizontal) &
ramus (vertical) w/ coronoid artery & condylar
processes
o mental protuberance forms pint of chin
o contains alveoli for teeth
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