Zusammenfassung
Summary Summaries Introduction Linguistics
Summaries and overviews to the introduction lecture Linguistics
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, I. howHOW humans
HUMANS producer
PRODUCE SPEECH
Spruch
Phonetics & Phonology CLASSIFYING CONSONANTS
I) VOICING
- when air passes vocal folds (Stimmbänder)
Definitions: a. they can be apart (as when breathing out)
1) phonetics = deals with production (& perception) of speech sounds by b. they can be adjusted with a narrow passage, then the air
humans —> describes the speech sounds that occur in all languages of stream makes them vibrate
the world - during speech production vocal folds can either vibrate or not
2) phonology = is about distribution and patterning of speech sounds
a. vibrating = voiced sounds
(in given language)
b. not vibrating = voiceless sounds
= grammar of phonetics patterns
- all English vowels are voiced
Speech is the most important medium of human communication
- significance of speech is self-evident in that it is hard to imagine life II) PLACE OF ARTICULATION
without speech - principle parts of the upper surface of the vocal tract (s. pictu
- moments when we become aware of speech often relate to problems &
disorders in speech communication (experience voice problems, difficulties
III) MANNER OF ARTICULATION
in production of certain speech sounds, hearing problems may have
a. plosive/stop
effect on ability to understand speech)
- closure in the mouth & raising of soft palate so that nasal
Different Phonetics: tract is blocked off
1) articulatory phonetics: how sounds are produced in the vocal tract - complete obstruction of air stream
2) acoustic phonetics: physical properties of the sounds themselves - air pressure builds up & when articulators come apart,
3) auditory phonetics: how listeners process & perceive sounds airstream is released with small burst
- pie/buy, tie/dye, kye/guy
How speech is produced
b. nasal
- speech = moving air particles
- air from lungs is pushed - closure in the mouth but soft palate is not raised, & air can
through glottis (Stimmritze) through the nose
- leaves through oral or nasal - not complete obstruction of air stream
cavity (resonators/make air - continuous sound
resonate) - my/nigh
- different sounds are made by
c. fricative
changing the form of the
- close approximation of two articulators so that airstream is
, Phonetics & Phonology II. nspeechproducingandinternationalphor
SPEECHPRODUCING AND INTERNATIONAL netic
PHONETIC alphabet
ALPHABET - ipa
IPA
WHY PHONETIC T
- orthography d
Revision Lecture 1: how humans produce speech CLASSIFYING VOWELS
- the same soun
1) articulatory phonetics the same letter
- two major classes of phonetic segments: I) Where is the highest point of the tongue in the mouth
- phoneticians h
a. consonants: we constrict or block the - horizontal position of the tongue a one sound-one
air-stream in some way - either in the front of the mouth, central or in the back
b. vowels: we position our speech
organs in certain specified ways, but
- front vowels: fleece, kid, dress, trap
we don‘t block the air-stream by (highest point in front of the mouth) IPA = Internationa
causing friction or closure - central vowels: nurse, about, strut - symbolizes the
REVISION: CONSONANTS
(highest point centrally) - combination of
- back vowels: half, pot, paw, put, coo - allows us to w
(highest point in back of mouth) - it represents t
tell us everythin
II) What is the general height of the tongue body
- vertical position of the mouth
- when you say heed, hid, head and had you will notice how
the mouth becomes more open and the height of the
tongue gets lower
VOWELS - high: fleece (front), coo (back)
- vowels are produced with a relatively open vocal tract —> mouth is relatively closed
- they don‘t have a place, type, or degree of constriction
- mid-high: kid (front), put (back)
like consonants do
—> mouth is approximately half-way
- they are almost always voiced (vocal folds vibrate)
- there are several ways in which speakers can change the - mid-low: dress (front), nurse (central), about (central),
shape of the vocal tract and thus change vowel quality strut (central), paw (back)
- typically tongue tip is behind lower front teeth, and the —> mouth is approximately half-way
tongue body is domed upward - low: trap (front), half (back), pot (back)
(heed, hid, head, had, father, good, food) —> mouth is relatively open
III) What is the position of the lips
- rounding increases from front to back vowels
- single vowels are called monophthongs
(e.g. heed, father) - most rounding in high back vowels
- double vowels are called diphthongs
- rounded (e.g. coo)
(e.g. boy, bay)
- unrounded (e.g. fleece)
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