Complete samenvatting waarmee niets je meer in de weg staat om een mooi cijfer te halen. Alles wat je moet weten, staat duidelijk uitgelegd. Ik gooi niet met losse Engelse termen. Ik geef definities, schrijf in volzinnen en geef ook Nederlandse toelichting. Door het gebruik van koppen en een inhoud...
Inhoudsopgave
Lecture 1: Introduction............................................................................................................................ 4
Normative ethics ................................................................................................................................. 5
Meta-ethics ......................................................................................................................................... 6
Lecture 2: Freedom I ............................................................................................................................... 6
Berlin’s “Two Concepts of Liberty”...................................................................................................... 7
Three distinguishes.............................................................................................................................. 7
Formal vs effective freedom ........................................................................................................... 7
Freedom as: Doing what one wants vs. autonomy ......................................................................... 8
Protected from politics vs political participation ............................................................................ 9
Overview........................................................................................................................................ 10
Lecture 3: Freedom II ............................................................................................................................ 10
The harm principle ............................................................................................................................ 11
Paternalism........................................................................................................................................ 12
Le Grand & New ................................................................................................................................ 13
Reasoning Failures (Le Grand & New) ............................................................................................... 13
Paternalistic Policies (Sara Conly)...................................................................................................... 15
Tutorial 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Disinformation and freedom of expression ...................................................................................... 16
Freedom of expression concerns .................................................................................................. 16
More over Mill’s argument ............................................................................................................... 18
4 arguments for freedom of expression (Mill) .............................................................................. 18
Limits on Free Expression .............................................................................................................. 19
Lecture 4: Justice I ................................................................................................................................. 19
Utilitarianism ..................................................................................................................................... 20
John Rawls: A Theory of Justice......................................................................................................... 21
Rawls’ Two Principles of Justice ........................................................................................................ 22
Why Rawls’ Two Principles? .............................................................................................................. 23
Lecture 5: Justice II ................................................................................................................................ 24
Critiques of Rawls .............................................................................................................................. 24
Libertarian Critique............................................................................................................................ 27
Lecture 6: Justice III ............................................................................................................................... 29
Nonrelationism .................................................................................................................................. 30
, Relationism ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Statism ........................................................................................................................................... 30
Globalism ....................................................................................................................................... 31
Social Connection – I. M. Young .................................................................................................... 31
Responsibility for Global Poverty ...................................................................................................... 32
Peter Singer: Duty to Assist ........................................................................................................... 32
Pogge: Duty not to Harm ............................................................................................................... 34
I.M. Young: Social Connection Model of Responsibility ................................................................ 35
Lecture 7: Equality I ............................................................................................................................... 36
Equality of what................................................................................................................................. 36
Equal treatment............................................................................................................................. 36
Equality of outcome ...................................................................................................................... 37
(Why) is equality valuable? ............................................................................................................... 37
Equality of opportunity ................................................................................................................. 38
Lecture 8: Equality II .............................................................................................................................. 40
Gender inequality .............................................................................................................................. 40
Strategies of justification............................................................................................................... 41
Gender ........................................................................................................................................... 41
Implicit bias ................................................................................................................................... 42
Insitutions ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Lecture 9: Morality and markets ........................................................................................................... 45
Discussion: rights, liberty and markets ............................................................................................. 47
Limits of the markets ..................................................................................................................... 47
Lecture 10: Trust and accountability ..................................................................................................... 49
What is trust? .................................................................................................................................... 49
Het verschil tussen trust en reliance............................................................................................. 50
Trust as self-interest ...................................................................................................................... 50
Trust as will based ......................................................................................................................... 50
Trust as commitment .................................................................................................................... 50
Trust and administration ................................................................................................................... 50
Discretion and accountability (in the welfare state) ......................................................................... 51
Two dimensions of discretionary power ....................................................................................... 52
Accountability ................................................................................................................................ 52
Lecture 11: Impartiality and integrity I .................................................................................................. 52
Why is impartiality important? ......................................................................................................... 53
Historic background .......................................................................................................................... 53
, Is impartiality possible? ..................................................................................................................... 54
Science and impartiality ................................................................................................................ 54
Is impartiality desirable? ................................................................................................................... 54
Thompson: three objections ......................................................................................................... 54
Impartiality as ideology? Karl Marx ............................................................................................... 55
Impartiality as ideology? Antonio Gramsci ................................................................................... 55
David Bromell: Impartiality as commitment ..................................................................................... 55
How to promote public sector ethics? .......................................................................................... 56
The need for moral competences ................................................................................................. 56
Thompson: impartiality and dissent .................................................................................................. 57
Potential criteria: ........................................................................................................................... 57
Lecture 12: Impartiality and integrity II ................................................................................................. 57
Forms of dissent in administration.................................................................................................... 57
Internal protest ............................................................................................................................. 57
External protest ............................................................................................................................. 58
Obstruction (overt, covert)............................................................................................................ 58
Eichmann in Jerusalem ...................................................................................................................... 59
Totalitarianism................................................................................................................................... 60
Administrative evil............................................................................................................................. 60
Three key features of administrative evil ...................................................................................... 61
Public ethics: evaluation.................................................................................................................... 61
Lecture 13: Finish last lecture (integrity)............................................................................................... 62
Integrity ............................................................................................................................................. 62
Three understandings of integrity ................................................................................................. 62
Critical Thinking ..................................................................................................................................... 65
Facts, Opinions & Knowledge ............................................................................................................ 65
Justified True Belief Theory (JTB Theory of Knowledge) ............................................................... 66
Justification........................................................................................................................................ 66
5 types of Justification ................................................................................................................... 66
Reasoning .......................................................................................................................................... 67
What is an argument? ................................................................................................................... 67
Reconstruction process ................................................................................................................. 67
What is a GOOD argument ............................................................................................................ 68
Statement types ............................................................................................................................ 69
, Lecture 1: Introduction
Aan de hand van de volgende uitspraak, wordt de nadruk van de cursus duidelijk.
“The government should reduce the minimum wage in order to reduce the unemployment rate.”
Als reactie op bovenstaande stelling, kunnen we 2 soorten vragen stellen. Ten eerste; will reducing
the minimum wage stimulate creation of more jobs? We kunnen zoeken/vragen naar de feiten,
(empirisch) bewijs. Anderzijds kunnen we ethische/filosofische vragen stellen zoals;
Will the result be fair? Are there more just ways of reducing the unemployment rate? Why is low
unemployment a desired goal? Is paid work necessary for a fulfilling human life, or is it that everyone
should work in order to live? Ought we change the connection between paid work and self-esteem?
Are there other ways to address the problem? E.g. Universal Basic Income? Health care?
Bij deze cursus focussen we ons op laatstgenoemde.
“the policy process is a contest of ideas, arguments, and principles… over the right course of action.
So, public policy-making is a matter of practical public reasoning” (Weale, 53)
Het gaat over het maken van de juiste keuzes. Hierbij zou het niet moeten gaan om de individuele
belangen van beleidsmakers/politici (zoals worden herkozen, geld/aanzien verdienen, “omdat we het
altijd zo hebben gedaan”, “omdat ik het denk” of andere persoonlijke belangen) maar om goede
argumenten voor het algemeen belang (right justification/arguments).
Een goede manier van redeneren (practical public reasoning) behelst drie aspecten;
- Concepten grijpbaar maken; Wat betekent justice, vrijheid, gelijkheid, etc.?
- Gedachtenpatronen identificeren. Wat zijn de premissen? Zijn de conclusies logisch? Welke
redeneringen worden er gedaan?
- De kracht van de argumenten beoordelen op basis van
de onderbouwing. Descriptive: how things are (or have been)
Thema’s die hierbij passen zijn bijvoorbeeld; abortus, Normative: how things should be
euthanasie, vaccinatie, maar ook de immigratie of de
huizenmarktproblematiek (heeft iedereen het recht op een huis?
Welke voorwaarden mogen hieraan gesteld worden? Etc.). Ook hier liggen normen en waarden
onder. Het is niet enkel een technisch debat.
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