Dit is een samenvatting van het vak Engels Taalstructuren A, richting Toegepaste Taalkunde aan de Universiteit Gent. Dit is een vak uit het eerste jaar.
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO GRAMMAR
1. Introduction: What is grammar?
Phonology = how the language system combines features into phonemes and
phonemes into words
Phonetics = how the speaker produces the fixed set of meaningful speech sounds
and all their combinations
Morphology = studies the relationships between words and morphemes
o Infectional morphology = the study of how words can take different guises
to show grammatical meanings
e.g.: the plural is shown by adding a suffix -s (books + -s)
o Derivational morphology (= word formation = lexical morphology) = the
study of how new words are formed from existing words
e.g.: you can form a noun form a verb by adding suffix -ion (interaction)
e.g.: you can form a verb from a noun by adding suffix -ize (fantasize)
e.g.: you can merge existing words into new ones: chillax, bromance,
wurfing, …
Lexicology = operates at word level only, which is concerned with LEXICAL ITEMS,
mainly words (such as: dictionary, etymology – origin of words, …)
o Lexicology is the study of their history, meanings, and usage
o Lexicography lists and describes LEXICAL ITEMS in dictionaries
Syntax = (‘grammar’ in its narrow, traditional sense) = the study and description of
the structure of sentences, the way in which parts of a sentence are internally
organized and arranged, and the way they relate to one another
Pragmatics = focuses on discourse and the communicative aspects of language
which is broken down in utterances (= a sentence that expresses a speech act, with
the speaker having a particular purpose in mind: statements, commands,
exclamations, questions, requests, offers, suggestions, …)
2. Levels of Grammatical Analysis
Grammatical Analysis can be carried out on different levels, units or ranks. We will
distinguish 6 levels:
- Discourse (consists of …)
- Sentence (consists of…)
- Clause (consists of …)
- Phrase (consists of…)
- Word (consists of…)
- Morpheme (consists of…)
, 2.1 Discourse
This is the HIGHEST LEVEL of grammatical analysis, also called ‘text level’.
Sentences in a paragraph display features of COHESION (=words are being replaced by
synonyms)
Cohesion can also take the form of ELLIPSIS (= elements are simply left out instead of being
repeated or replaced by synonyms)
2.2 Sentence
= a group of words that forms a statement, command, exclamation or question. It contains
a subject and a verb.
It begins with a capital letter and ends with one of the marks: .?!
2.3 Clause
= deelzin
= Clauses are immediate constituent of a sentence
COUNT: number of VP’s
There are main clauses and subordinate clauses/subclauses.
Main clause
o Can stand on its own
o Could be structurally independent or textually dependent
o You can move it around
o Their order is fixed
Subclause
o Cannot stand on its own, structurally dependent
2.4 Phrase
= a group of words belonging together which fulfils a syntactic function in the clause
2.5 Word
2.6 Morpheme
= smallest meaningful unit of grammar.
, 3. Categories in Grammatical Analysis: form, function and meaning
3.1 FORM (class/type)
SENTENCE LEVEL
- Simple (S) enkelvoudige zin
- Compound (Cd) samengestelde zin met nevensch
- Complex (Cx) samengestelde zin met ondersch
- Compound-Complex (Cd-Cx)
- Complex-Compound (Cx-Cd)
CLAUSE LEVEL
- Main clause
- Subclause
o Finite
o Non-finite
To-inf
Bare inf
-ing (present participle)
-ed (past participle)
o Verbless
PHRASE LEVEL (Formal Structure of the clause)
- NP
- GenP
- VP
- AdjP
- AdvP
- PrepP
WORD LEVEL
OPEN CLASS
- Noun (common – proper)
- Verb (lexical – primary aux – modal aux)
- Adjective
- Adverb
, 3.2 FUNCTION (function)
CLAUSE LEVEL (Functional structure of the clause)
- V
- S
- DO (lw)
- IO (mw)
- PO
- CS
- CO
- By-ag
- Adverbial (adjunct, conjunct, disjunct)
- Co-or/Sub-or
PHRASE LEVEL
- Determiner (only in NP)
- Premodifier
- Head
- Postmodifier
- Prepositional Complement (only in PP & only FUNCTIONAL)
4. Grammatical Analysis at SENTENCE level
CLAUSE COUNT: #VPs
Simple (S)
o 1 main clause (=1)
o ___________
Compound (Cd)
o at least 2 main clauses (=min. 2) & connected by and/or/but/-/,/;
o ____and/or/but_____ + _____
Complex (Cx)
o 1 main clause and at least 1 subclause (= 1 + min. 1)
o _____
______ +______
Compound-Complex (Cd-Cx)
o at least 2 main clauses (connected by…) and at least 1 subclause (=min. 2 +
min. 1)
o _____ and/or/but/ ______ + ________
o ______ + _______
Complex-Compound (Cx-Cd)
o 1 main clause and at least 2 subclauses (= 1 + min. 2)
o ______
______+_____ +_____
Alle Vorteile der Zusammenfassungen von Stuvia auf einen Blick:
Garantiert gute Qualität durch Reviews
Stuvia Verkäufer haben mehr als 700.000 Zusammenfassungen beurteilt. Deshalb weißt du dass du das beste Dokument kaufst.
Schnell und einfach kaufen
Man bezahlt schnell und einfach mit iDeal, Kreditkarte oder Stuvia-Kredit für die Zusammenfassungen. Man braucht keine Mitgliedschaft.
Konzentration auf den Kern der Sache
Deine Mitstudenten schreiben die Zusammenfassungen. Deshalb enthalten die Zusammenfassungen immer aktuelle, zuverlässige und up-to-date Informationen. Damit kommst du schnell zum Kern der Sache.
Häufig gestellte Fragen
Was bekomme ich, wenn ich dieses Dokument kaufe?
Du erhältst eine PDF-Datei, die sofort nach dem Kauf verfügbar ist. Das gekaufte Dokument ist jederzeit, überall und unbegrenzt über dein Profil zugänglich.
Zufriedenheitsgarantie: Wie funktioniert das?
Unsere Zufriedenheitsgarantie sorgt dafür, dass du immer eine Lernunterlage findest, die zu dir passt. Du füllst ein Formular aus und unser Kundendienstteam kümmert sich um den Rest.
Wem kaufe ich diese Zusammenfassung ab?
Stuvia ist ein Marktplatz, du kaufst dieses Dokument also nicht von uns, sondern vom Verkäufer lunameersch. Stuvia erleichtert die Zahlung an den Verkäufer.
Werde ich an ein Abonnement gebunden sein?
Nein, du kaufst diese Zusammenfassung nur für 5,39 €. Du bist nach deinem Kauf an nichts gebunden.