Key evidence and supporting facts for the best marks are included for every monarch for this AQA Tudors course, and would also include useful information for other exam boards.
This is best used as a revision resource, where you can start to build complex analysis in order to achieve the top ban...
Table of Contents
Henry VII................................................................................................................................................3
Battle of Bosworth.............................................................................................................................3
H7 Character and aims.......................................................................................................................3
State of England.................................................................................................................................3
Power of the church..........................................................................................................................5
Humanism and Erasmus....................................................................................................................5
Dealing with Nobility.........................................................................................................................5
Government.......................................................................................................................................6
Finances.............................................................................................................................................6
Contenders to the throne..................................................................................................................8
Rebellions..........................................................................................................................................8
Foreign Policy...................................................................................................................................10
Later years.......................................................................................................................................13
Henry VIII.............................................................................................................................................13
Passing the torch.............................................................................................................................13
Government.....................................................................................................................................13
Wolsey.............................................................................................................................................15
Anti-clericalism................................................................................................................................15
Wolsey and the church....................................................................................................................15
Wolsey and Government.................................................................................................................17
Early Foreign Policy..........................................................................................................................17
Early Social and Economic changes..................................................................................................19
Alter Rex?........................................................................................................................................19
Great Matter....................................................................................................................................19
Divorce.............................................................................................................................................19
Fall of Wolsey...................................................................................................................................21
Anne Boleyn.....................................................................................................................................21
Royal Supremacy.............................................................................................................................21
Cranmer and Cromwell....................................................................................................................21
Acts for Break..................................................................................................................................23
Spread of Beliefs..............................................................................................................................23
Why did he Dissolve?.......................................................................................................................23
How did he Dissolve?.......................................................................................................................25
Opposition to Dissolution/religious changes...................................................................................25
, 2
Pilgrimage Of Grace.........................................................................................................................26
Post Reformation Government........................................................................................................26
Foreign Policy (1540-47)..................................................................................................................27
Factionalism.....................................................................................................................................28
Religion (1540-47)............................................................................................................................29
Domestic changes............................................................................................................................29
Edward VI (1547-53)............................................................................................................................29
Somerset (1547-1549).....................................................................................................................30
Religious changes.........................................................................................................................30
Foreign policy...............................................................................................................................31
Economic issues...........................................................................................................................31
Rebellions in 1549........................................................................................................................32
Northumberland (1549-53).............................................................................................................34
Religious changes.........................................................................................................................34
Foreign policy...............................................................................................................................35
Economy, trade and exploration..................................................................................................35
The “Devyse” and the succession problem..................................................................................36
Mary I (1553-58)..................................................................................................................................36
Society and Economy.......................................................................................................................37
Religious reform..............................................................................................................................37
Marriage to Philip I (1554)...............................................................................................................38
Wyatt’s Rebellion (1554)..................................................................................................................38
Foreign policy..................................................................................................................................39
A mid-Tudor crisis?..............................................................................................................................40
The start of Elizabeth’s Reign (1558-1603)..........................................................................................43
Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement (1558-63)......................................................................................44
Elizabeth and Mary I, Queen of Scots (1558-1587)..........................................................................45
Plots against Elizabeth (1569-87).....................................................................................................46
Relations with Scotland...................................................................................................................48
Relations with France......................................................................................................................48
Relations with Spain and the Netherlands.......................................................................................50
Economic development under Elizabeth.........................................................................................52
Societal Development under Elizabeth............................................................................................54
Regional issues with Ireland.............................................................................................................55
, 3
Henry VII - Ruled from 1485-1507.
- At childhood, exiled to Brittany to stay with Jasper Tudor, the last
main Lancastrian (weak claim from bastard ancestor).
- Henry’s main support came from both Jasper Tudor as well as his
mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort. She had organised the marriage to
Elizabeth of York, and a Spanish envoy Pedro de Ayala stated that
Henry was “much influenced by his mother” even in 1498. This shows
her long-lasting effect on his decision-making.
- Known to be a shrewd King, but contemporarily was not too favoured.
- Towards the end, he had established Tudor rule, boosted the Crown
income, centralised the power into the Crown, and left a stable
foundation for HVIII.
Having lived abroad and in relative poverty to his noble status, this arguably
left Henry in a familiar position with setbacks, troubles, and adversities, that
would be influential in his more pragmatic and controlled reign.
Battle of
Bosworth - 1483, Edward succeeded by Richard III, Elizabeth Woodville wants
Henry to marry Elizabeth of York, Richard tries to get Henry, John
Morton warns HVII.
- HVII makes it to France, gathers English allies, Earl of Oxford, Jaspar
Tudor, Richard Fox, etc… and lands in Wales before RIII marries EoY.
- 22nd August 1485, they meet the York army of 10,000 against HVII’s
army of around 5000-8000. Stanley stands on side with around 6000.
- Stanley joins on Henry’s side, and RIII falls. Henry is crowned 1 day
before the battle, on the 21st of August 1485. This is to portray Henry in
a more favourable light
- Official ceremony on 30th October 1485hhhh, married EoY on 18th
January 1486 (to say that he gained crown without Elizabeth).
H7 Character
and aims - HVII wanted to eliminate threats to his dynasty; married EoY to unite
houses, gave supporters land and titles whilst punishing nobles against
him to remove opposition (attainders), adopted a flexible foreign
policy around alliances rather than war.
- He wanted to control the nobility better, to consolidate power within
the Crown, so he could reform the country better.
- He wanted to strengthen the English economy to provide a strong
financial foundation.
- He was more respected, but not popular, shown to be a good military
leader and soldier, and was an only child.
- He was flexible and thoughtful, knowing when to be forceful and when
to be lenient.
State of
England - Several nobles had enough wealth and territorial power (57 nobles in
1487) to rival the Crown.
- The Crown had uneven control over the kingdom, particularly with the
North and lack of local administration. The Councils of the North,
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