Summary IB Psychology SL SAQs Exam Revision

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Definition

Antwort: - medical imaging technique - structural (shows the structure of the brain, but not the activation of brain areas)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) work principle

Antwort: 1. Works by producing a magnetic field that makes the protons present in the brain to align within that field 2. After this, radio waves are pulsed (as those protons can absorb radio energy when in a magnetic field). 3. It makes the protons spin out of equilibrium. 4. Then the radio waves are turned off which makes the protons align with the magnetic field again and release energy. 5. This energy is detected by MRI scan. Because there are different amounts of protons in different areas of the brain, a 3D picture of the brain structure can be produced.

Neuroplasticity Definition

Antwort: the ability of the brain to change through the making and breaking of synaptic connections between neurons

Synaptic plasticity Definition

Antwort: the ability of the neuron to form new synaptic connections and break the old ones

Cortical remapping Definition

Antwort: the phenomenon when one brain area assumes the function of another brain area, for example, due to injury

Who and when created the MSM (multi-store memory model)?

Antwort: Attkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

What does the multi-store memory model suggest?

Antwort: - Suggests that memory consists of three separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM). - Sensory memory detects information which then travels to STM if the person is attentive. - Information can travel from STM to LTM if it is rehearsed.

What does the working memory model suggest? How was it discovered?

Antwort: - Dual-task technique research suggested that STM might not be a unitary store. - In dual-task technique, participants are asked to perform two memory operations at the same time (for example, listen to lists of words while also memorising a list of geometrical shapes). - The two memory operations (two different stimuli) should interfere if STM is a unitary store. If there are different components for different stimuli, it should be possible to perform both of them together.

What does schema theory state?

Antwort: - Schema theory states that our knowledge is organized into categories called schema. - “Cognitive schemas are seen as mental representations that organize our knowledge, beliefs, and expectations.” (from IB Study Guide) - Schemas influence memory at all stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Who and when proposed the theory of reasoned action?

Antwort: Martin Fishbein in 1967

What is the basis of social identity theory (SIT)?

Antwort: SIT is based on social categorization, social identification, social comparison and positive distinctiveness.

What is social categorization?

Antwort: grouping people together based on certain characteristics; development of in-groups and out-groups

Who and when developed the social identity theory (SIT)?

Antwort: Tajfel and Turner in 1979

What does the social identity theory (SIT) suggest?

Antwort: Suggests that one’s identity is based on their membership in social groups.

What is social identification in social identity theory (SIT)?

Antwort: categorizing oneself as a member of a certain social group; taking on the beliefs and values of the group