Summary WGU Pathophysiology WGU Patho D236 Exam Questions

Summary WGU Pathophysiology WGU patho D236 Exam Questions Which types of tissue most often develop tumors? Epithelial and connective tissues What are the following benign tumors? Papilloma - A wart Lipoma - begins in the fatty tissue Myoma - Fibroid Chondroma - Tumor of cartilage cells What are sarcomas? They are tumors that can be found anywhere and begin in connective tissue What are the early signs of lymphoma Fevers and night sweats What is radiation therapy When seeds are implanted into a malignant prostate and then irradiated, this is called radiation therapy. This is used to reduce damage to healthy tissue Name what is a vesicle, pustule, macule, papule, excoriation Vesicle - Small fluid filled elevation of skin (e.g. blister) Pustule - (elevation of the skin containing white blood cells and cell debris) Macule - A spot that is not raised or depressed. (such as a freckle) Papule - A firm raised area of the skin (such as a pimple) Excoriation (scratch in the skin) Define the following: Laceration Fissure Ulcer Superficial burn Superficial partial thickness burn Laceration - Rough jagged wound Fissue - Crack in the skin Ulcer - Store with disintegration and death of affected tissue Superficial burn involves the epidermal layer of the skin Superficial partial thickness burn appears with blisters and pain at the burn site What are shingles and how are they treated Shingles are painful vesicular lesions caused by varicella. The normal treatment is antiviral medications and costicosteroids to decrease pain. What is Tissue destruction involving only the epidermal layer of the skin superficial. What are two signs of allergic skin reactions Pruritus (itching) and urticarial (hives) What are three autoimmune diseases involving the skin? Pemphigus, scleroderma and lupus erythematosus are all autoimmuse diseases involving the skin. Damage to what can disturb equilibrium? Semicircular canals in the ear How can otitis media be prevented? By placing a myingotomy tube in the ear What results in progressive hearing loss? Presbycusis What can alleviate age-related hearing loss? Speaking in clear, low-pitched tones What are treatment of joint disorders FALK (fixation of screws, arthrocentesis, laproscopic repairs, kyoplasty) What are the different types of arthritis (GROS) Gout - higher levels of uric acid form crystals that accumulate in the joints, causing pain and inflammation. • Septic arthritis - may result from an invasive procedure; invading organisms are usually carried to the joint by the blood stream. • Osteoarthritis - most often in weight-bearing joints, like hips and knees; may be the results of aging and repeated trauma. • Rheumatoid arthritis - inflammation and overgrowth of synovial fluid causes severe pain; joints stiffen and become useless. What is mysathenia gravis? chronic muscular fatigue caused by defect at the neuromuscular junction. How is GERD treated? Antacids and using medication that decreases the production of HCL What characterizes chronic pancreatitis Severe pain and blood test shows elevated serum amylase. Pancreatitis impacts the digestive process by leading to enzyme imbalances How do you test for viral hepatitis Testing blood serology What is required for blood clotting? Vitamin K What type of reaction would arise if a RH negative patient experiences a second exposure to RH positive blood? An Antigen-antibody reaction could arise if a Rh negative patient experiences a second exposure to Rh positive blood What are blood diseases (HALT) Hemophilia (bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of a clotting factor), Aplastic anemia (bone mare failure decreased red cell production), Leukemia (increase in WBC), Thalassemia (hereditary disorders causing impaired hemglobin synthesis) What are three recommendations for the treatment of hypertension? • Diet modification • Prescribed diuretics • Exercise on a regular basis What does H. pylori cause? Gastrointestinal disorder called peptic ulcer What is shock Confusion, anxiety, hypertension What is atrophy Decrease in the size of a muscle due to disuese What are strains vs sprains Strains pain and stiffness by overuse Sprains pain and swelling by tearing of ligaments What is muscular dystrophy Deterioration of muscles that have intact nerve function What are strong, painful muscle contractions cramps How do you describe shoulder joint dislocation Acuetly painful in the arm and chest area and often results in the arm being longer than the mate What might cause abdominal pain and elevated bilirubin? Inflammation of the gallbladder Amylase, lipase for trypsin, nucleases Digests starch, digest nucleic acids, digest fats, digests protein How can hepatitis be diagnosed serology and serum chemistry are used for diagnosis What are two signs of hepatitis Jaundice and loss of appetite are two signs of hepatitis What two diseases may require blood trasnfusions Leukemia and pernicious anemia If a mothers RH is negative and fathers RH is positive then what may result RH incompatibility What directly impairs the delivery of oxygen to body tissues Is an effect of anemia What inhibits coagulation of the blood Vitamin K deficiency What are characterized by pain and swelling, warmth and redness around the site or location and is typically diagnosed by an ultrasound or MRI. Thrombosis or blood clots What do calcium-channel blockers do? help to control hypertension by inhibiting calcium ions from entering cardiac muscle cells. How are epidemics defined Epidemics are defined by age, gender, heredity, living conditions, social habits and preexisting illnesses. What are treatments for frequent otitis media and chronic sore throat? Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy What are three pathological responses of the lymphatic system elephantiasis, splenomegaly, and infectious mononucleosis What has the best survival rates for multiple myeloma Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant have the best survival rates What do self antigens trigger autoimmune hypersensitivity triggers those How are myocardial infarctions diagnosed? ECG readings, troponin levels, and creatine kinase levels. Increased blood flow does what Backups up into pulmonary circulation and causes shortness of breath How can Atherosclerosis be diagnosed by a lab test known as CRP. What are signs of congestive heart failure increased fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema of extremities. What can be exemplified by frequent fainting, low blood pressure and low body temperature. hypotension What is a cause of lower extermity edemy and elevated blood pressure Renin What are the different respiratory breathing patterns? • Kussmaul- deep rapid respirations characteristic of acidosis as seen in diabetic patients. • Hyperpnea- an abnormal increase in the depth and rate of breathing. • Dyspnea- a subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing. What can often improve and prolong the quality of life for those with COPD. External oxygen What can slow or reverse the progression of COPD smoking cessation What is characterized by damaged areas on the nerve conducting cells slowing the transmission of nerve impulses Multiple sclerosis What is used record a human's brain waives to diagnose neurologic diseases. EEG What is used to view pictures of tissue and bones of the brain and surrounding areas. CT Meningitis can be characterized Characterized by headache, stiff next, nausea, and vomiting. How is Renal colic treated pain analgesics What is manifestation of uncontrolled diabetes and alcoholism and shows itself in pain and numbness of the extremities peripheral neuropathy An accumulation of excess fluid in a patient with chronic renal failure promotes what? hypertension How is Parkinson's disease treated dopamine replacement therapy. What is a surgical procedure aimed at shattering renal calculi. Lithotripsy White blood cells in the urine is indictative of pyuria Pyuria is indiactive because of that If a patient is suffering from chronic renal failure, vomiting and fatigue, the recommended treatment is Hemodialysis What can be a cause of hypertension for a patient with chronic renal failure. Sodium retention The principle behind kidney dialysis is that molecules move from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration. Kidney dialysis is intended to remove urea from the blood and to remove nitrogenous waster products from the blood. Low cardiac output can strain the kidney and lead to organ dysfunction. Diabetes mellitus is defines as disease process in which there is a hyposecretion of the insulin hormone. Ketones are abnormal constituents of urine that indicate diabetes mellitus or starvation. Type 2 diabetes is best tested by hemoglobin A 1.c. and fasting blood glucose. Hypothyroidism is characterized by lethargy, irritability, difficulty eating, and dry hair and skin. is a treatment of anemia in someone with chronic renal failure. Erythopoietin A child with impaired cognitive function MAY HAVE thyroxine and triodothryrone deficiencies. Increased production of the parathyroid hormone causes Calcium is released from the bone due to it Medications to suppress thyroid function are necessary if a patient presents with exophthalmos, strained appearance to the face, extreme nervousness, and a goiter. What is a hormone given to augment labor? Pitocin What is often accompanied by skeletal fractures Hyperparathyroidism is How can Testicular torsion be diagnosed H&P How is gonorrhea diagnosed Testicular torsion Benign prostatic hypertrophy is treated by laser and ultrasound and by transurethral prostatectomy when urinary function is threatened. What can inhibit a females ability to conceive Weight, menstrual history, and the degree of athleticism Menopause is described as as a lack of menses for 6 months. What are two disorders that may occur during pregnancy placenta previa and gestational diabetes. vaginal secretions of yellow or green frothy vaginal discharge means what Trichomoniasis Hypertension and proteinuria can mean what Eclampsia and toxema