Table of Contents
Chapter 01 The History of Mental Health Care 2
Chapter 02 Current Mental Health Care Systems 11
Chapter 03 Ethical and Legal Issues 20
Chapter 04 Sociocultural Issues 30
Chapter 05 Theories and Therapies 39
Chapter 06 Complementary and Alternative Therapies 48
Chapter 07 Psychotherapeutic Drug Therapy 57
Chapter 08 Principles and Skills of Mental Health Care 66
Chapter 09 Mental Health Assessment Skills 76
Chapter 10 Therapeutic Communication 85
Chapter 11 The Therapeutic Relationship 95
Chapter 12 The Therapeutic Environment 105
Chapter 13 Problems of Childhood 115
Chapter 14 Problems of Adolescence 124
Chapter 15 Problems of Adulthood 133
Chapter 16 Problems of Late Adulthood 142
Chapter 17 Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia 150
Chapter 18 Managing Anxiety 159
Chapter 19 Illness and Hospitalization 168
Chapter 20 Loss and Grief 177
Chapter 21 Depression and Other Mood Disorders 186
Chapter 22 Physical Problems, Psychological Sources 194
Chapter 23 Eating and Sleeping Disorders 202
Chapter 24 Dissociative Disorders 210
Chapter 25 Anger and Aggression 220
Chapter 26 Outward-Focused Emotions Violence 229
Chapter 27 Inward-Focused Emotions Suicide 238
Chapter 28 Substance-Related Disorders 246
Chapter 29 Sexual Disorders 254
Chapter 30 Personality Disorders 263
Chapter 31 Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses 272
Chapter 32 Chronic Mental Health Disorders 280
Chapter 33 Challenges for the Future 288
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Chapter 01: The History of Mental Health Care
Morrison-Valfre: Foundations of Mental Health Care, 6th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The belief of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato that the rational soul controlled the
irrational soul could be compared with the belief of the more recent psychological theorist:
a. Freud
b. Pinel
c. Fisher
d. Rush
ANS: A
Sigmund Freud believed that mental illness was, in part, caused by forces both within and
outside the personality. Philippe Pinel advocated acceptance of mentally ill individuals as
human beings in need of medical assistance. Alice Fisher was a Florence Nightingale nurse
who cared for the mentally ill, and Dr. Benjamin Rush was the author of the book Diseases of
the Mind.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 4
OBJ: 2 TOP: Early Years of Mental Health
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
2. During the mid-1500s, behaviors associated with mental illness were more accurately
recorded by professionals. This practice led to for different abnormal
behaviors.
a. Classifications
b. Diagnosing
c. Treatment
d. Education
ANS: A
Classification of abnormal behaviors did not begin until this time, after the practice of more
accurate recording of behaviors was begun. Diagnoses, treatment guidelines, and any
education regarding mental health disorders were not available during this period.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 5
OBJ: 3 TOP: Mental Illness During the Renaissance
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
3. During the latter part of the eighteenth century, psychiatry became a separate branch of
medicine, and inhumane treatment was greatly diminished by the French hospital director:
a. Dix
b. Beers
c. Pinel
d. Carter
ANS: C
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Philippe Pinel advocated acceptance of the mentally ill, as well as proper treatment. Dorothea
Dix crusaded for construction of mental health hospitals. Clifford Beers wrote the book A
Mind That Found Itself. President Jimmy Carter established the President’s Commission on
Mental Health in 1978.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 5
OBJ: 4 TOP: Mental Illness in the Eighteenth Century
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
4. In 1841, surveyed asylums, jails, and almshouses throughout the United
States, Canada, and Scotland and is credited with bringing about public awareness and reform
for the care of the mentally ill.
a. Sigmund Freud
b. John Cade
c. Florence Nightingale
d. Dorothea Dix
ANS: D
Dorothea Dix spent 20 years surveying facilities that housed mentally ill individuals and is
credited with major changes in the care of the mentally ill. Sigmund Freud introduced the
concept of psychoanalysis, John Cade discovered lithium carbonate for the treatment of
bipolar disorder, and Florence Nightingale trained nurses in England in the 1800s.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 6
OBJ: 4 TOP: Mental Illness in the Nineteenth Century
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
5. As a direct result of Clifford Beers’ work and book, A Mind That Found Itself, the Committee
for Mental Hygiene was formed in 1909 with a focus on prevention of mental illness and:
a. Early detection of symptoms of mental illness
b. Education of caregivers
c. Current treatment options
d. Removing the stigma attached to mental illness
ANS: D
Clifford Beers’ book reflected on his attempt at suicide followed by the deplorable care he
received for the next 3 years in mental hospitals. Beers’ work and book raised the
consciousness of people throughout the country regarding prevention and removal of the
stigma of having a mental illness. Early detection of symptoms, education of caregivers, and
current treatment options regarding mental illness were not the focus of his book, nor were
they a priority for the Committee for Mental Hygiene.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 6
OBJ: 4 TOP: Mental Illness in the Twentieth Century
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
6. During the 1930s, what common treatment for schizophrenia caused clients to fall into a coma
that could last as long as 50 hours?
a. Electroconvulsive therapy
b. Insulin therapy
c. Humoral therapy
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d. Amphetamine therapy
ANS: B
Insulin therapy was believed to successfully treat schizophrenia in the early 1900s.
Amphetamines were used to treat depression, and electroconvulsive therapy was used for
severe depression. Humoral therapy, which originated in ancient Greece and Rome, was a
belief that mental illness resulted from an imbalance of the humors of air, fire, water, and
earth.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 8
OBJ: 5 TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
7. In the 1930s, what mental health disorder was electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) most often
used to treat?
a. Schizophrenia
b. Bipolar disorder
c. Severe depression
d. Violent behavior
ANS: C
ECT was found to be an effective treatment for severe depression in the 1930s. During this
period, schizophrenia was treated with insulin therapy, and violent behavior was treated with a
lobotomy. In 1949, lithium carbonate was discovered as a treatment for bipolar disorder.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 6
OBJ: 5 TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
8. In the early twentieth century, a frontal lobotomy was a common treatment for violent
behaviors. Which description of this procedure is accurate?
a. A procedure that delivers an electrical stimulus to the frontal lobes of the brain
b. A surgical procedure that drills holes in the front of the skull to drain fluid
c. A surgical procedure that severs the frontal lobes of the brain from the thalamus
d. A surgical procedure that inserts implants into the frontal lobes of the brain
ANS: C
A frontal lobotomy is a surgical procedure in which the frontal lobes of the brain are severed
from the thalamus.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 6
OBJ: 5 TOP: Influences of War on Mental Health Therapies
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity
9. Which class of drugs was introduced in the 1930s for the treatment of depression?
a. SSRIs
b. Tricyclic antidepressants
c. MAOIs
d. Amphetamines
ANS: D
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