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Summary of problem 5. The individual within the group
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Summary of problem 5. The individual within the group
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Problem 5. The individual in the groupDeindividuation, A state in which an individual in a group experiences a weakened sense of personal
identity and diminished self-awareness.
Emergent Norm Theory, those norms that ‘emerge’ within a crowd or group that influence the
behaviour of those involved.
Mere presence effects, Performance is often better in a group.
Social facilitation, The tendency to perform simple or well-practiced tasks better in the presence of
others than alone.
Social inhibition, The tendency to perform complex or difficult tasks more poorly in the presence of
others.
Social loafing, A pattern in which individuals working together in a group generate less total effort
than they would if they each worked alone.
Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo’s study of the effect of roles on behaviour. Participants were
randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guard in a mock prison. The study was ended early
because of the “guards” role-induced cruelty.
Group polarization, A patter in group discussion in which each member’s attitude becomes more
extreme, even though the discussion draws attention to arguments that could have moderated their
view.
Risky shift, A pattern in which a group appears more willing to take chances or to take an extreme
stance than any individual member would have been on their own.
Interdependence, Each group member’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviours influence the others
Task interdependence, Reliance on other members of a group for mastery of material outcomes
that arise from the group’s task.
Social interdependence, Reliance on other members of the group for feelings of connectedness,
social and emotional rewards, and a positive social identity.
Social identity model of deindividuation effects, A model of group behaviour that explains
deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity.
Smart Mob, Any group, including social movements, mobs or crowds, that uses computer-based
technologies to organize and initiate its activities.
Contagion, The spread of behaviours, attitudes, and effect through crowds and other types of social
aggregations from one member to another.
Convergence Theory, An explanation of collective behaviour assuming that individuals with similar
needs, values, or goals tend to converge to form a single group.
Relative deprivation, The psychological state that occurs when individuals feel that, in comparison
to others, their attainments, outcomes, status, recognition, and so on are inadequate.
Egoistic deprivation, The psychological state that occurs when one feels one’s outcomes are inferior
relative to other individuals’ outcomes
, Fraternal deprivation, The psychological state that occurs when a group member feels his or her
group’s outcomes are inferior relative to other groups’ outcomes.
Baiting crowd, A gathering of people in a public location whose members torment, tease, or goad
others.
Schema, Cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus,
including its attributes and relations among those attributes.
Self-perception theory, Bem’s idea that we gain knowledge ourselves only by making self-
attributions: we infer our own attitudes from our own behaviour.
Overjustification effect, In the absence of obvious external determinants of our behaviour, we
assume that we freely choose the behaviour because we enjoy it.
Social comparison theory, comparing our behaviour and opinions with those of others in order to
establish the correct socially approved way of thinking and behaving.
Intergroup emotions theory, Theory that, in groups contexts, appraisals of personal harm or benefit
in a situation operate at the level of social identity and thus produce mainly positive in-group and
negative outgroup emotions.
Collective behaviour, The behaviour of people en masse.
Collective aggression, unified aggression by a group of individuals, who may not even know one
another, against another individual of group.
Weapons effect, The mere presence of a weapon increases the probability that it will be used
aggressively.
Disinhibition, A breakdown in the learned controls against behaving impulsively or in this context,
aggressively. For some people, alcohol has a disinhibiting effect.
Dehumanisation, Stripping people of their dignity and humanity.
General aggression model, Anderson’s model that includes both personal and situational factors
and cognitive and affective processes in accounting for different kinds of aggression.
Social group, A social group exhibits some degree of social cohesion and is more than a simple
collection or aggregate of individuals.
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