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Summary general behavioural biology
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General Behavioural Biology1 Difference between innate and learned behaviour
Innate behaviour is genetically determined and manifests itself without specific experience or
learning. It is also called instinctive behaviour and is similar in many species. Innate behaviours
are often a result of evolution and are passed down from generation to generation. An example
of innate behaviour is the flight behaviour of deer in the face of danger. They react instinctively
to certain stimuli such as the cracking of branches or the appearance of a predator.
Learned behaviour, on the other hand, is acquired through experience and training. It is more
variable and adaptable to changing circumstances and situations. Individuals learn through their
experiences and adapt their behaviour accordingly. An example of learned behaviour is the
courtship behaviour of birds. They learn through experience which behaviours are most effective
in attracting a mate and adapt their behaviour accordingly.
However, there is also some interaction between innate and learned behaviour. Innate
behaviours can form the basis for the development of learned behaviours. For example, a bird
may have innate song patterns, but it may also learn to imitate the songs of other birds and
adapt its own song pattern accordingly.
Overall, innate behaviours are often genetically determined and similar in many species, while
learned behaviours are acquired through experience and training and are more adaptable to
changing circumstances and situations. Both types of behaviour play an important role in the
adaptation of animals to their environment.
2 Terms
-Behavioural biology: The scientific study of animal and human behaviour.
-Behavioural ecology: A branch of behavioural biology that focuses on the study of animal
behaviour in relation to their environment and interactions with other organisms.
-Ethology: A discipline of behavioural biology that focuses on the study of behaviours that are
innate and have developed over the course of evolution.
-Instinct: An innate behaviour that animals perform as a result of natural triggers, without having
had any prior experience with it.
-Learning behaviour: The modification of behaviour as a result of experiences an organism has
had in its environment.
-Social behaviour: The behaviour of animals in relation to their conspecifics, including
communication, aggression and cooperation.
-Territorial behaviour: The behaviour of animals aimed at defending or controlling a particular
area or territory.
-Procreative behaviour: The behaviour of animals associated with mating and reproduction,
including courtship, the act of mating and the rearing of offspring.
-Migration: The annual movement of animals from one place to another in search of food sources
or breeding grounds.
, -Social hierarchy: The hierarchy within a group of animals resulting from social behaviour and
interaction between individuals.
-Learning disposition: The ability of an organism to acquire certain behaviours as a result of
learning processes. Learning disposition can be influenced by factors such as genetics,
environment and experience.
-Ethogram: A systematic description of the behaviours and patterns of an animal or group of
animals. Ethograms are commonly used in behavioural biology to study and describe animal
behaviour.
-Functional circle: A group of behaviours that work together in a particular situation or context to
accomplish a specific goal or function. For example, the functional circle of nest building in birds
may consist of behaviours such as gathering materials, building the nest and protecting the
clutch.
-Behavioural pattern: A repeatable and characteristic behavioural pattern exhibited by an animal
or group of animals. Behavioural patterns may be innate or learned and may be used to perform
specific functions such as foraging, reproduction or social interactions.
-Behavioural: A single act or action performed by an animal or person. Behaviours may be
influenced by the environment and experiences of the animal or person and may also be part of
a larger pattern of behaviour or functional circuit.
3 Difference between proximal and ultimate explanations in behaviours
Proximal explanations describe the immediate physiological and neural mechanisms that trigger
and influence behaviour. These explanations examine the internal workings of the body and
focus on the operation and interaction of the nervous system, hormones and muscle movements
that control behaviour. Examples of proximal explanations might be how a particular hormone
influences the performance of a behaviour, or how neural activity in the brain influences an
animal's decisions.
Ultimate explanations, on the other hand, look at behaviour in the context of its evolutionary
meaning and function. These explanations examine how behaviour has evolved over time and
the benefits it provides to the animal in terms of survival, reproduction and passing on genes.
Examples of ultimate explanations might be how a particular behaviour has helped a species
adapt to its environment and survive, or how the behaviour helps animals successfully court
mates or resolve conflicts.
Overall, the difference between proximal and ultimate explanations is the approach used to
explain behaviours: while proximal explanations examine the immediate physiological
mechanisms that trigger the behaviour, ultimate explanations consider the behaviour in the
context of its evolutionary meaning and function.
4 Explanation of Pavlov's experiment and the term classical conditioning
In this experiment, a dog experiment chamber was set up in which the dog was connected to an
apparatus that could measure salivary secretion. Pavlov first presented the dog with food and
observed that the dog responded to the food with increased salivary secretion. While performing
the experiment, Pavlov produced a ringing sound before presenting the food. After a few
repetitions of this procedure, the dog learned to associate the ringing sound with the upcoming
food. Eventually, the dog responded to the ringing sound alone by producing more saliva even
though no food was presented.
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