Zusammenfassung
Summary Edexcel A Level Psychology Notes - Clinical Psychology
- Kurs
- Hochschule
A* notes for the Clinical Psychology Module at A Level - the ONLY notes you need for this course!
[ Mehr anzeigen ]vorschau 4 aus 40 Seiten
Vorschau 4 aus 40 Seiten
In den Einkaufswagen
In den Einkaufswagen
2 rezensionen
von: rwaamohamed • 4 Monate vor
von: janellmuwonge • 7 Monate vor
Verkäufer
Folgen
lucyamyl
Deine Reviews
Inhaltsvorschau
1Clinical Psychology
- Concerned with abnormal behaviour
- Defines what makes behaviour abnormal and works to diagnose the problem so it
can be treated
- Symptoms, duration, general health, other social/psychological problems all
considered when diagnosing disorder and choosing a treatment
5.1 Content
5.1.1 Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
- Psychiatrists gather information on:
o Symptoms, e.g. hallucinations
o Duration, e.g. one month
o General health, e.g. other illnesses
o Social or psychological problems, e.g. other mental health disorders
- Must be aware that the same disorders can present themselves completely
differently amongst two people
- Different psychologists may give different diagnoses due subjective interpretation of
the information given
The Four ‘Ds’ of Diagnosis
- Deviance - The extent of the abnormality of the behaviour
- If it is seen as deviant from the norm within society a clinical disorder may be
present
- May change across time/place as social norms change
- Dysfunction - The degree to which the behaviour significantly interferes with the
patient’s life
- May not be obvious so all aspects of everyday life would be discussed with a clinician
- The larger the interference the more likely a clinical disorder is present
- Distress - The level of upset caused to the individual and others by the behaviour
- Treated separately from the other Ds
- It is likely that each patient will have completely different experiences while suffering
from the same condition
- The subjectivity of experiences must be kept in mind
- Someone suffering with a large difficulty may experience minimal distress
- Danger - Intervention is needed if a patient puts either their own life or other’s lives
in danger
- A diagnosis is often necessary for those partaking in these risky behaviours
- *Duration - It is only when deviance, dysfunction, distress and danger persist into the
long term that psychiatric attention is required
Evaluation:
- Possible subjectivity in the interpretation of an individual patient’s experience
- It is difficult to know what behaviours are considered as ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’
, 2
- The way in which the individual is coping with the behaviour needs to be extensively
discussed, as this differs from person to person
- Issues of reliability as obtaining a diagnosis lies on the discussion between the
patient and clinician
- Level of deviance must be based on standardised measures not personal judgment
- Clinicians must consider the 4 Ds evenly and in-depth when considering if a patient
needs further psychiatric care to ensure standardisation
5.1.2 Classification Systems for Mental Health
- 1948 - WHO accumulated a list of mental disorders in the International Classification
of Diseases – ICD
- 1952 - American Psychiatric Association published the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as another way to identify mental disorders
- They are both continually revised, with DSM V being released in 2013 and the 10th
version of the ICD in 2017
- No obvious measurable physiological signs so reliant on interpretation of
behavioural symptoms
- This is not exact so issues of reliability and validity
- DSM and ICD describe clusters of symptoms that define disorders that have come
from clinical practice, field trials and pooled expertise so should have better
diagnoses
- However, not universally accepted
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
- The ICD-10 focuses on all diseases, with a specific section focusing on mental health
disorders
- Disorders are grouped in families
- E.g. The category ‘mood affective disorders’ would include mental illnesses such as
depression or bipolar disorder
- They are coded according to the section (F), with a digit to represent the
corresponding family and another to signify the specific disorder - depression = F32
- This is taken further through specifying the type of disorder by another digit after a
decimal space - mild depression = F32.0
- This can then be additionally classified according to specific symptoms - mild
depression with physical symptoms = F32.0.01
- This ICD provides a foundation to make an accurate diagnosis, detailing likely
symptoms for each disorder, severity and duration
- Confident diagnoses are made with the patient’s symptoms clearly fitting the ICD
manual descriptions
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM V)
- Only focuses on mental health disorders
- Similar system to the ICD in that disorders are grouped into families
- Linked disorders grouped together enabling movement from general to specific
diagnosis
- Used in combination with information gained through clinical interview and medical
records
, 3
DSM IV-TR
- The DSM IV was published in 1994 and updated to DSM IV-TR in 2000
- It was split into 5 chapters:
o Major clinical syndromes, e.g. schizophrenia and anxiety disorders
o Symptoms related to personality disorders
o Medical conditions, e.g. brain damage or HIV, that could have led to the
clinical issues
o Psychological and environmental problems, e.g. bereavement or
unemployment
o Scale to assess global functioning of an individual
- Scale shows how well a patient goes about normal activities so helped with diagnosis
and finding a suitable treatment
Evaluation:
ICD 10 DSM V
Less specific detail than DSM because it is a Latest version takes various stages of life
diagnosis for both mental and physical into account where certain disorders are
health, making it a less accurate diagnosis more likely to occur, e.g. depression in
for mental illness adolescence
Constantly updated, current revision 10 - More detailed than ICD 10 because the
increased reliability focus is purely on mental health - more
reliable
Clusters of symptoms, if the classification is
reliable can lead to a more reliable Constantly updated, current revision 5 –
diagnosis increased reliability
Clusters of symptoms, if the classification is
reliable can lead to a more reliable
diagnosis
Reliability of Diagnosis
- The extent to which clinicians agree on the same diagnosis for the same patient
- Many symptoms are constant across a range of mental illnesses
- Two clinicians may assign different causes to the exact same symptom, suggesting
the unreliability of diagnosis
- Ward et al 1962 studied the diagnosis of one patient from two psychiatrists
- His findings suggested issues of reliability of the diagnostic tools being used
- He found disagreement in diagnosis being the cause of:
o Inconsistent information given by the patient (5%)
o Inconsistent interpretations of symptoms (32.5%)
o Inadequacy of symptom classification (62.5%)
- Diagnosis systems are required to pass an inter-rater reliability test
- At least two clinicians must be shown details of a patient’s case history and assess
the level of agreement
, 4
- If all agree on the on the diagnosis, the method of diagnosis is said to have high
inter-rater reliability
- Generally, early diagnostic systems had low inter-rater reliability
- Beck 1954 - The exact same group of symptoms were only diagnosed as the same
disorder in approximately 50% of cases, indicating low reliability
Patient Factors
- Information provided by patients may be influenced by:
o Memory
o Denial
o Shame
- Specific issues (below) can lead to difficult diagnosis and are likely to differ between
clinicians
o Disorganised thoughts
o Psychopathy
o Manipulative tendencies
Clinician Factors
- Due to clinical interviews being unstructured, some clinicians may focus on one
specific symptom where as another may focus on a completely different symptom
- As a result, different information is gathered about a patient and can result in a
different diagnosis
- Clinicians’ subjective judgment is also largely influential to the diagnosis
- This is subject to the background, training and experience of the clinician
- E.g. Psychodynamic training may mistake hallucinations for past trauma but a
medically trained psychiatrist may explain hallucinations as a consequence of excess
of dopamine in the brain
- A reliable diagnosis with agreement from many clinicians still may not be valid
- Rosenhan found high inter-rater reliability while diagnosing schizophrenia from the
same set of symptoms but this was not valid because the people receiving the
diagnosis were not actually mentally ill
Validity of Diagnosis
- A diagnosis is required to genuinely reflect the underlying disorder due to the
serious effects of misdiagnosis
- Wrong treatment may lead to delay of recovery and thus development in the
seriousness of a patient’s condition
- Concurrent Validity - A way of establishing validity that compares evidence from
several studies testing the same thing to see if they agree
- Could be checking by comparison to another diagnostic tool
- Broad agreement about what symptoms constitutes a disorder means there is broad
concurrent validity
- The DSM V constantly refers to the coding in the ICD, showing strong agreement
between the two tools
- Aetiological Validity - The extent to which a disorder has the same cause or causes
- It exists when the diagnosis reflects knows causes in a disorder that is known to have
a genetic cause
Alle Vorteile der Zusammenfassungen von Stuvia auf einen Blick:
Garantiert gute Qualität durch Reviews
Stuvia Verkäufer haben mehr als 700.000 Zusammenfassungen beurteilt. Deshalb weißt du dass du das beste Dokument kaufst.
Schnell und einfach kaufen
Man bezahlt schnell und einfach mit iDeal, Kreditkarte oder Stuvia-Kredit für die Zusammenfassungen. Man braucht keine Mitgliedschaft.
Konzentration auf den Kern der Sache
Deine Mitstudenten schreiben die Zusammenfassungen. Deshalb enthalten die Zusammenfassungen immer aktuelle, zuverlässige und up-to-date Informationen. Damit kommst du schnell zum Kern der Sache.
Häufig gestellte Fragen
Was bekomme ich, wenn ich dieses Dokument kaufe?
Du erhältst eine PDF-Datei, die sofort nach dem Kauf verfügbar ist. Das gekaufte Dokument ist jederzeit, überall und unbegrenzt über dein Profil zugänglich.
Zufriedenheitsgarantie: Wie funktioniert das?
Unsere Zufriedenheitsgarantie sorgt dafür, dass du immer eine Lernunterlage findest, die zu dir passt. Du füllst ein Formular aus und unser Kundendienstteam kümmert sich um den Rest.
Wem kaufe ich diese Zusammenfassung ab?
Stuvia ist ein Marktplatz, du kaufst dieses Dokument also nicht von uns, sondern vom Verkäufer lucyamyl. Stuvia erleichtert die Zahlung an den Verkäufer.
Werde ich an ein Abonnement gebunden sein?
Nein, du kaufst diese Zusammenfassung nur für 9,83 €. Du bist nach deinem Kauf an nichts gebunden.
Kann man Stuvia trauen?
4.6 Sterne auf Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
45.681 Zusammenfassungen wurden in den letzten 30 Tagen verkauft
Gegründet 2010, seit 14 Jahren die erste Adresse für Zusammenfassungen