Summary IGCSE History revision cards - ready to print
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Ready to print and cut revision cards on 2 overarching topics - including facts easy bullet points for an essay
The twentieth century: international relations since 1919 The content focuses on the following Key Questions: • Were the peace treaties of 1919–23 fair? • To what extent was the ...
Versailles took away 13% land, 12.5% population, 16%
coalfields, nearly 50% iron and steel industry, 3⁄4
iron ore.
o Guilt: Article 231 appointed blame, called
‘diktat’.
o Arms restrictions: Army (100,000 soldiers),
Terms of Treaty Navy (6 battleships, 15,000 sailors & no
submarines), Airforce forbidden, demilitarized
of Versailles Rhineland, conscription ban
o Reparations: 6.6 billion pounds,
o German Territory: Alsace Lorraine to France,
Danzig to Poland, Colonies: Togoland, Cameroon,
German South West Africa
o LE: League of the Nations established.
o Established Anschluss ban
o Imposed reparations and reduced army to 30,000 men
Treaty of St. o Gave Galicia to Poland, Bohemia & Moravia to
Germaine with Czechoslovakia & Bosnia & Herzegovina to Yugoslavia
o Severe economic problems as a result as industrial land
Austria, 1919 gone to Czechoslovakia
o Displacement of people
o Induced economics crisis in Hungary
o Transylvania to Romania, Slovakia
Treaty of Trianon & Ruthenia to
Czechoslovakia; Slovenia, Croatia to
with Hungary, Yugoslavia
1920 o 3 million Hungarians displaced
, because it was a minor player in the war, gained
Treaty of Neuilly territory from Turkey.
Reduced army to 20,000 men armed force, 100
with Bulgaria, million pound reparations
Lost lands to Greece, Romania, Yugoslavia,
1919 access to Mediterranean Sea.
Negation on territorial terms
Treaty of Sevres led by Mustafa Kemal which led to war between
Greeks and Turks - unsuccessful treaty,
with Ottoman Arabs were promised Arab state for siding with
Empire, 1920 Britain & France to defeat Germany, Palestine
problem till date.
Treaty of
Lausanne with gave disputed region of Smyrna back to Turkey
after Young Turk revolution
Ottoman Empire,
Czechoslovakia (carved out of old Austrian empire
and Germany)
Outcome of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, ‘land of the South
Slavs’
peace treaties Poland renewed, via Danzig granted access to the sea,
(Polish Corridor) buffer against communism,
30% not Polish so some demographic
problems
Article 119 TOV: All Germany’s colonies taken and
given to France and Britain as ‘mandates’.
, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau was a
realist,
Wanted punitive peace and compensation, Wanted
reparations (compensations for infrastructural
Motive of French damage - France been invaded twice since 1870
so wanted military restrictions) - and blame them
leader in T of V alone
Aimed to weaken Germany as much as possible
Germany broken into smaller confederations +
independent Rhineland + permanent control of
Saarland.
American President Woodrow Wilson was an
idealist,
Motive of wanted to punish Germany but not too harshly,
worried about spread of communism if too weak
American leader and revenge from Germans, wanted to
strengthen democracy based on ’14 points’ =
in T of V disarmament,
League of Nations, wanted to build more peaceful
world
Motive of UK Britain wanted a compromise peace;
although the spread of communism still
leader in T of V worrying him.
The TOV created many problems for Germany –
especially it made it weaker and bankrupt.
Problems with The Weimar Republic was blamed for the Treaty
because they signed it – making the new
main ideas of T Government even more hated.
In fact, Ebert, the president didn’t want to sign it –
of V the army told him to because they said they
would be unable to stop an allied invasion
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