Maryville Advanced Patho 611 Exam 1 Wunderlich’s Review SP
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - CORRECT ANSWER-A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunct...
Maryville Advanced Patho 611 Exam 1 Wunderlich’s
Review SP
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - CORRECT ANSWER-A programmed cell
death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury
leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that
stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and is
profoundly changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!
Cellular adaptation: Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER-Increase in size of cell
Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of
myocardial cells such as an endurance training-this is referred to as physiologic
hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN.
Cellular adaptation: Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-Increase in number of cells
Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate in about 2 weeks.
Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia
Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-Replacement of cells
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant is stopped.
Cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? - CORRECT ANSWER-ATP = energy BUT
needs oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-phosphate (Na+,
K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The
Na+, K+ pump is discussed in chapter one). Sodium and water then can enter the
cell freely, and cellular swelling results.
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) - CORRECT ANSWER-Results when oxygen
reserves are depleted.
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? -
CORRECT ANSWER-A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of
, atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the
molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or
steals one. Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play
major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated
with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and
chronic heart failure.
Cellular injury: What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical
injury? - CORRECT ANSWER-Lysosomes: Enzymatic digestion of cellular
organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA
and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Fatty Liver - CORRECT ANSWER-Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to
acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify
ethanol - if not functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - CORRECT ANSWER-The cell component most
vulnerable to the target of radiation.
Aging and the cell/tissues:
Every physiologic process can be shown to function less efficiently. - CORRECT
ANSWER-Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia)
o "Stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems:
Peripheral vascular resistance increases.
Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of stomach.
Decreased immune response
F & E: Total body potassium concentration also decreases because of
decreased cellular mass.
An increased sodium/potassium ratio suggests that the decreased cellular mass is
accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment.
Indications of dehydration - CORRECT ANSWER-Marked water deficit is manifested
by S & S of dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes,
elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine. Skin turgor
may be normal or decreased. Symptoms/signs of hypovolemia, including
tachycardia, weak pulses, dizziness and postural hypotension, may be present.
Thirst: Osmoreceptors are activated by an increase in osmotic pressure of the
plasma
Vulnerable populations to FVD:
--Infants: 75-80% TBW
--Obese: fat is water repelling
--Older: thirst sensation is diminished
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