Dit document is een samenvatting van het vak Law of International Organisations, gedoceerd door prof J. Wouters en G. Hernandez (academiejaar ). Het is een samenvatting van alle powerpoints en mijn eigen notities. Op het einde van de samenvatting zijn ook heel wat examenvragen (velen met modelantwo...
1. Introduction
1.1 Leuven at the heart of multilateralism
Brussels
- NATO
- EU
- World Customs Organisation
- Benelux special recognition in the EU treaties
- EFTA Surveillance Authority European Free Trade Association
o Norway, Liechtenstein, Switzerland…
- EEA European Economic Area
o Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland
o Not Switzerland
The Hague
- International Criminal Court
- International Court of Justice
- Permanent Court of Arbitration
- Yugoslavia Tribunal
- OPCW Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
- Europol
Luxemburg
- European Court of Justice
- General Court of the EU
- European Investment Bank
- European Court of Auditors
- Departments of European Commission
- Division of the European Parliament
Bonn (= old capital of Western Germany)
- World City of Sustainable Development
Strasbourg
- European Court of Human Rights
- Council of Europe
- European Parliament
Paris
- UNESCO
- OECD (OESO in NL)
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, - European Space Agency (ISA)
London
- International Maritime Organization (IMO)
- Commonwealth
Geneva
- United Nations
- World Trade Organization
- CERN
- World Health Organization
- International Labour Organization
- International Telecommunication Organization
- WIPO
Vienna
- United Nations
- UNCITRAL
- IAEA
- OSCE: Organization for Security and Cooperation of Europe
- ION
- UNODC
o Important office for drugs and crime
- FRA: Fundamental Rights Agency of the European Union
Rome
- Food and Agriculture Organization
- UNIDROIT: international organization that strives for the unification of private
international law
- World Food Program
Madrid
- UNWTO: World Tourism Organization
1.2 Not international organisations
The following organisations are not IO’s, because they are not created by a government
- International Chamber of Commerce (Paris)
- International Committee of the Red Cross (Geneva) is a sui generis actor of
international law
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,1.3 The invasion of international
organisations
- Between 500 and 700 IO’s in the world
o There are more IO’s than states
- Enormous diversity:
o Bilateral, trilateral, multilateral, global:
Bilateral (BE-NL): Nederlandse Taalunie
Trilateral: Benelux
Multilateral: EU
Global: UN
o Intergovernmental – supranational:
Interngovernmental: government representatives dominate the working
of the organization
Governments are using them to empower themselves
Government representatives (diplomats, ministers)
Supranational (eg ECJ, European Parliament): organs have an
autonomy
Above the MS
Organs of that organization do not represent MS interests
Are not composed of MS representatives
o Fields of activity: highly specialized – very broad
Very broad: EU and UN, more political
Technical: others
- Ever stronger impact on domestic legal systems, on policy-making and on individuals:
e.g.
o UN Security Council counterterrorism resolutions adopt all kind of
measures:
Blacklisting of terrorist suspects
o Technical standardization from radio waves to GDPR
o From labor standards to cybersecurity
- For example: European Union
o EU itself has almost the whole world accredited to it
o 170 non-EU members states accredited to the EU
o Commission, EP, Council of Ministers
- Crisis of multilateralism: reasons
o Polarization
MS pushing their own candidates without competence in high posts
(employment agency)
The Netherlands have donation to World Bank for deputy
o Age:
UN: 75 years, permanent seats in SC to winners
Powerful states pull the strings
o Lack of renewal
Facing problems in the world for which they were not designed (e.g.
NATO for SU)
Including other things: crisis operation, out of area operations (Kosovo,
Libya)
Broaden their tasks but not their treaty – is this legal?
o Lack of commitment of countries
Bigger countries
Political will and participations
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, US and current president calls them outdated
Populist leaders and dictatorial leaders
1.4 Practical
Course materials
- Sourcebook: compilation of primary sources (VRG)
- Reader: mandatory reading materials (VRG)
- Handbook: International Law: a European Perspective (Acco, J. WOUTERS, C.
RYNGAERT, T. RUYS)
- Powerpoint slides and exercises
Exam: written open-book exam
- 3-4 case studies, essay questions
2. History
International organizations = a relatively recent phenomenon
- The “concert system”: Congress of Vienna (1815), Concert of Europe >< ad hoc
nature, no membership (“on invitation”), unanimity
- Permanent associations/unions
o Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine (CCNR, 1815), European
Commission on the Danube (1856)
o International Union of Railway Freight Transportation (1890)
o International Telegraph Union (1865)
o International Metereological Organization (1873)
o General Postal Union (1874; “Universal” since 1878))
o International Office of Public Health (Paris, 1907)
o Economic areas: Metric Union (1875), International Copyright Union (1886),
International Sugar Union (1902), International Institute of Agriculture (1905)
Interesting experiments with majority voting, regulatory powers, representation of non-
State interests (dependent territories, businesses,…), budget
20th century
- The League of Nations and International Labour Organization (ILO) as a pioneer
international organizations
o Covenant of the League of Nations/Constitution of the ILO, both adopted 28
June 1919 (Sourcebook)
o League of Nations (volkenbond):
Doesn’t exist anymore, now we have UN
Originally 45 MS, max 60 (1934), 54 (1939)
60 states: pretty universal because of all the colonial states
Unstable because a lot of withdrawals (eg Italy)
Three main organs: Assembly, Council, Secretariat
Assembly: plenary meeting, each Member 1 vote
Council: permanent members (US Germany/USSR, Britain,
France, Italy, Japan) + four (later 6, 9, 11) elected members
Secretariat: Secretary-General (Eric Drummond, Joseph
Avenol) and staff
International civil services
Invented by the League of Nations
Status and guarantee for independence
League of Nations not effective in maintaining security
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