Test Bank For Pathophysiology 7th Edition
by Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Chapter 1 - 54|Complete
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,Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Banasik: Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a
pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3 F, skin rash,
dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise,
and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed.
The etiology of C.Q.’s disease is
a. a sore throat.
b. streptococcal infection.
c. genetic susceptibility.
d. pharyngitis.
ANS: B
Etiology refers to the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process. A sore throat is the
manifestation of the disease process. Genetic susceptibility refers to inherited tendency to develop a
disease. Pharyngitis refers to inflammation of the throat and is also a clinical manifestation of the
disease process.
2. A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes
meningitis. This is an example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: A
.
Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for
susceptible individuals by providing vaccination. Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening,
and management of the disease. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and
,attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves
management of the disease once it has developed.
3. An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise
program. This is an example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: B
Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease such as
prescribing diet and exercise for an individual who has already developed obesity.
Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for
susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to
alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the
disease once it has developed.
4. A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium
intake. This is an example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: B
Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease, such as by
prescribing sodium restriction for high blood pressure. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by
altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention includes
rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning.
Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.
,5. After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering
medication. This is an example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: C
Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and
restore effective functioning such as prescribing a cholesterol-lowering
medication following a heart attack. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering
susceptibility or reducing expUosuSre fNor sTusceptibOle individuals. Secondary prevention is the
early detection, screening, and management of the disease. Disease treatment involves management of
the disease once it has developed.
6. A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of
this disease. This stage of illness is called the stage.
a. prodromal
b. latent
c. sequela
d. convalescence
ANS: B
Incubation refers to the interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first
appearance of signs and symptoms. In infectious diseases, this period is often called the incubation
(latent) period. Prodromal refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset
of a disease. These are often nonspecific, such as headache, malaise, anorexia, and nausea, which are
associated with a number of different diseases.
Sequela refers to subsequent pathologic condition resulting from a disease. Convalescence is the stage
of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
7. A disease that is native to a particular region is called
a. epidemic.
b. endemic.
,c. pandemic.
d. ethnographic.
ANS: B
A disease that is native to a particular region is called endemic. An epidemic is a disease that spreads to
many individuals at the same time. Pandemics are epidemics that affect large geographic regions,
perhaps spreading worldwide.
8. In general, with aging, organ size and function
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
d. are unknown.
ANS: B
In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease.
9. The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well
established, is referred to as
a. latent.
b. subclinical.
c. prodromal.
d. convalescence.
ANS: B
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well
established, is called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious
agent and the fNirUstRapSpIeaNraGnTceBo.f CsigOnMs and symptoms may be called a latent
period or, in the case of infectious diseases, an incubation period. The prodromal period, or
prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease.
Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
,MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Your patient’s red blood cell is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (Select all that
apply.)
a. gender difference.
b. situational factors.
c. normal variation.
d. cultural variation.
e. illness.
ANS: A, B, C, E
Gender, situations (e.g., altitude), normal variations, and illness may all determine red blood cell count.
Culture affects how manifestations are perceived (normal versus abnormal).
2. Socioeconomic factors influence disease development because of (Select all that apply.)
a. genetics.
b. environmental toxins.
c. overcrowding.
d. nutrition.
e. hygiene.
ANS: B, C, D, E
Socioeconomic factors influence disease development via exposure to environmental toxins
(occupational) and overcrowding, nutrition (over- or undernutrition), and hygiene (e.g., in developing
countries). Genetics is not influenced by socioeconomic factors.
TRUE/FALSE
1. When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic ANS: T
Many diseases are idiopathic in nature.
,2. The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must
understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when
applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.
ANS: T
The sensitivity of any test refers to the probability that the test will be positive when applied to a person
with the condition and will not provide a false negative result. In contrast, specificity is the probability
that a test will be negative when applied to a person who does not have a given condition.
.
Chapter 02: Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors Banasik: Pathophysiology, 6th
Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except
a. tachycardia.
b. diaphoresis.
c. increased peripheral resistance.
d. pupil constriction.
ANS: D
Pupils dilate during stress from the effects of catecholamines. Tachycardia, diaphoresis, and increased
peripheral resistance are indicators of stress and also occur because of catecholamine release.
2. Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?
a. Norepinephrine
b. Cortisol
c. Epinephrine
,d. Insulin
ANS: D
Insulin secretion is impaired during stress to promote energy from increased blood glucose.
Norepinephrine is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation. Cortisol is secreted
during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation and stimulates gluconeogenesis
in the liver to supply the bodUy wSith gNlucTose. EpiOnephrine is secreted during stress as a
mediator of stress and adaptation and increases glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver.
3. Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except
a. allostasis.
b. resistance.
c. alarm.
d. exhaustion.
ANS: A
Allostasis is defined as the ability to successfully adapt to challenges. Allostasis may/may not occur in
response to stress. Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three phases of the stress response as
described by Selye in the general adaptation syndrome.
4. Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system
and are mediated by
a. norepinephrine.
b. cortisol.
c. glucagon.
d. ACTH.
ANS: A
Norepinephrine is secreted in response to activation of the sympathetic nervous system during stress by
the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex. Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas.
ACTH is secreted by the pituitary gland.
,5. The effects of excessive cortisol production include
a. immune suppression.
b. hypoglycemia.
c. anorexia.
d. inflammatory reactions.
ANS: A
Cortisol suppresses immune function and inflammation and stimulates appetite. Cortisol leads to
hyperglycemia by stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver.
6. All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except
a. aldosterone.
b. cortisol.
c. norepinephrine.
d. epinephrine.
ANS: A
Aldosterone results in water and sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine. It does not affect
blood glucose. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol stimulates
gluconeogenesis in the liver, thus increasing blood glucose. Norepinephrine inhibits insulin secretion,
thus increasing blood sugar. Epinephrine increases glucose release from the liver and inhibits insulin
secretion, thus increasing blood glucose.
7. Allostasis is best defined as.
a. steady-state.
b. a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism.
c. the process by which the body heals following disease.
d. the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.
ANS: D
Allostasis refers to the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being.
8. The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is
a. energy and repair.
, b. invoke resting state.
c. produce exhaustion.
d. set a new baseline steady-state.
ANS: A
These resources are used for energy and as building blocks, especially the amino acids, for the later
growth and repair of the organism. The substances do not produce a resting state. The substances can
produce exhaustion if they continue, but that is not the adaptive purpose of these. Although a new
baseline steady-state may result from the stress response that is not the adaptive purpose of the
substances produced during the alarm stage.
9. Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in
a. stress reduction.
b. permanent damage and death.
c. movement into the resistance stage.
d. exhaustion of the sympathetic nervous system.
ANS: B
If the alarm stage were to persist, the body would soon suffer undue wear and tear and become subject
to permanent damage and even death. Actions taken by the individual during the resistance stage lead
to stress reduction. The resistance stage may or may not occur following the alarm stage, based on
resource availability. The sympathetic nervous system will continue to function, resulting in continued
release of stress hormones.
10. The effect of stress on the immune system
a. is unknown.
b. has been demonstrated to be non-existent in studies.
c. most often involves enhancement of the immune system.
d. may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system.
ANS: D
Many studies demonstrate that long-term stress impairs the immune system, but many researchers
identify that short-term stress may enhance the immune system.
