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Zusammenfassung

Summary Development Theories (lectures more simple explained)
 8 mal verkauft
  • Kurs
  • Development Theories
  • Hochschule
  • Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
  • Book
  • Theories of Development

As the lectures and its slides could be quite complex, I have rewritten some parts so that it is easier to understand. Every theory/ approach is explained and all the information that is not important for the exam has been removed.

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Dokument Information

  • Nein
  • Only the chapters that are used to prepare for the lecture
  • 28. oktober 2023
  • 30
  • 2023/2024
  • Zusammenfassung

Themen

  • modernization theory
  • dependency theory
  • development
  • structure approach
  • agency
  • actor oriented approach
  • developmentalism
  • post development
  • post human
  • post modernism
  • neo liberalism
  • actor network theory
  • rat

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Schule, Studium & Fach

  • Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
  • International Development Studies
  • Development Theories
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Inhaltsvorschau

Developmental Theories

Lecture 1 Modernization
Theory in social science:
 Theory is a means, not an objective
 Theories tries to help us understand and explain reality by simplifying it
 Validity limited  can’t predict everyting
 Theories are Human interpretations/representations of reality  knowledge is socially-
constructed: context (e.g. time and place) influences theory formulation
 Construction of a discourse: concepts and language used to frame our understanding of
reality  Helps us make sense of reality, however can also lead to biases for certain
perspectives on the world
 Nearly all theories have something to contribute Relevance is time and place specific

Development theories can be categorized in different ways, e.g. Peet & Hartwick:
 ‘Conventional theories’: (neo-)Classical economics, globalization, neoliberalism,
modernization theories
 ‘Nonconventional/critical theories’:Marxist, dependency, decoloniality, Poststructuralism,
Feminist theories
 Lectures use somewhat different perspective:
 Neoclassical vs critical theories and Structural versus actor-oriented theories

Grand umbrella theories: trying to ‘explain all development’ (4 ‘Paradigms’): Modernization,
Dependency, Post-structuralism, Sustainability (not really a paradigm as it can be done under the
other paradigms)
Meso-theories: Partial explanations (does not explain all development)  theories about issues in
development not of development more modest thinking

The concept of ‘Development’ emerged in a historical context and has evolved over time:
 Roots in religious beliefs and values: can be linked with modernization theory which suggest
that societies progress through fixed stages of development (as people do from birth)
 Enlightenment (18th Century Europe)  Makeability : A better life and society can be made
 Strong belief in technological, scientific and economic progress ( positivism) 
Foundations of modern empirical sciences
 Industrial Revolution had a huge role in shaping the concept of development  significant
shift from agrarian economies to industrial capitalism which is profit-driven and focused on
increasing capital accumulation.

Dualism/ thinking in binaries: categorizing and understanding the world based on sharp distinctions
 It emerged during the colonial era when Western colonial powers interacted with indigenous
peoples
 This thinking involves into dividing concepts into 2 opposing system models (which
emphasizes their differences)  e.g. traditional versus modern, formal versus informal,
 This lead to the stereotyping of groups and oversimplifying reality.
 dualism reflects the clash between two societies, with one often imposing its perspective and
values onto the other  still influences how we perceive and categorize the world.

Rudyard Kipling: The White Man’s Burden
 Sound evil, but you must see in the context of time
 Europeans were superior to people from elsewhere because their natural environment made
them that way  serves to legitimate European imperialism
Economic dualism in Modernization Theory:

,  Boeke: said that the dualist nature of society and economy stands in the way of development
 the coexistence of traditional and moderns sectors hindered each other’s development
 Lewis (1950s): Transforming resources (e.g. people, capital ) from traditional sector to
modern high productive sector is positive for development
 growth of the modern sector will reduce the size of the traditional sector
 Marked the start of the first development paradigm: Modernization

Modernization theory: views ‘development’ like a flower: A process that evolves along a fixed,
predetermined path. It can die throughout the way, but the destination is known (like the west).
 “All societies move from primitive to advanced stages of development”: development a
universal phenomenon
 The means are also known: follow the same path as we did and you will get there:
development as a unilinear process
 Popular especially in 1950-1960s  Post-WWII ‘recovery period’ and ‘decolonization’: a
fresh start without obstacles (‘optimism’)
 Has remained influential ever since, although seriously challenged
 Ideas resurface in a new package, e.g. in context of globalization and ‘technofixes’: use
modern technology and investments to fix problems and grow.

The modernization diagnosis of development:
 Looks at a country individually
 Under-developed countries are just lagging behind, usually explained in terms of internal
barriers  development is a matter of removing barriers, e.g. lack of capital, knowledge,
structures and institutions  This often requires external stimuli

Capitalism as the driver of modernization: market mechanism (strive for profit+ technological
advance)
 Emphasis on role of investment and industrialization (increasing productivity)
 Modernization was the West’s response to socialism. In which the socialist said: let us use
our resources and labor to meet the most basic needs of all our people  the West replied
with the modernization theory which said that there is a process leading from tradition to
modernity and if you would follow that path you can have everything we (the West) have 
let multinational corporations into your country and then the income etc will ‘trickle down’
to the rest of the countrygoal: high mass consumption (like the west).
 Modernization was forerunner of neoliberalism and is kind of similar to ‘Developmentalism’
 ‘Development’ and ‘modernization’ cannot be viewed separate from a belief in progress
(makeability)

Patterns of modernization: Modernization was seen as a spatial diffusion process of innovation,
starting at specific contact points with the west (port cities or colonial administration centers) and
then spreading down to other (smaller) areas along transport routes.
 Especially when induced by external stimuli, growth/ modernization is often polarized:
focused on the export sector, the main urban centers (more concentrations of modern
activities and investments in specific areas)
 Trickle down idea: over time, benefits will spread to other areas and groups  is expected
when there are sufficient linkages connecting poor industries/ groups to modern industries/
groups
 Polarization reversal: increasing growth and concentration in modern cores causes a shift
outward, spreading effects towards the periphery (overcoming congestion in core)

Evolutionary theory: Development(even in nature) is not a unilinear process but a stochastic process

,  Social systems are even more complex - ‘free will’  therefore societies cannot be expected
to follow a fixed path

Problems of modernization theories:
 It does not view societies in their context (e.g. historical background and ‘starting’ position)
 Narrow view of development as an essentially technical issue which just can be made and
follows a predetermined path
 Eurocentrism: The West as the norm for the rest ‘just do as we did’

Modernization theory – legacy, recurrence:
 Largely critized in academia but common in politics and policy (not just in Western countries)
 Globalization is modernization reformulated on a global scale in which western ideas are
transported to other parts of the world without looking at the context of the countries
(culture, history etc)
 In development cooperation: emphasis to the role of the private sector  focus on
economic growth through project-based approach and with little attention for social
problems of development

High Modernism: Belief in unilinear progress through the application of science and technology.
Central control and planning may actually undermine development objectives
 James Scott criticizes this approach In "Seeing like a state,": highlighted how states aim to
make everything easily understandable and controllable (legible), often by using statistics
and making things measurable  often disregards the value of local knowledge "metis"




Lecture 2 Political economy approaches: Dependency

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