final exam all bio 4400, Cell Fate and Specification, Exam 2: Neurulation, Exam 2: Neurons, Exam 2 - Neural Crest cells, Exam 2: Sensory placodes and organs, Cell-cell interactions and signaling

final exam all bio 4400, Cell Fate and Specification, Exam 2: Neurulation, Exam 2: Neurons, Exam 2 - Neural Crest cells, Exam 2: Sensory placodes and organs, Cell-cell interactions and signaling Ectoderm doesn't move through the __________ or __________ - CORRECT ANSWER 1) blastopore (frogs and fishes) or 2) primitive streak (birds and humans) Sensory organs all begin in the head as... - CORRECT ANSWER placode - thickenings of surface ectoderm what are 4 types of cell interactions? - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Internal/mechanical 2) Juxtacrine signaling 3) Paracrine signaling 4) Endocrine signaling Note: these are arranged in order of closest interaction to longest distance interaction The 6 word key to development: - CORRECT ANSWER Find it - mRNA or protein has to be in the right place (at the right time) in order for a developmental step to take place Move it - moving specific cells to a new location - does this start a new process? if so then, those cells are probably important for the process Neural crest cells as the _________ only in vertebrates! Neural crest cells as the _________ because of their extensive migration - CORRECT ANSWER 1) "4th germ layer" 2) "the explorers of the embryo" Patterning of neural tube (CNS): - anterior to posterior via _________. - dosal to ventral via ________ and ________ - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Hox genes 2) BMP and Shh gradients Three fundamental rules of development: - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Timing is everything 2) Location, location, location 3) Both of the above are true Ectoderm in birds and humans vs. frogs and fishes - CORRECT ANSWER Birds and humans: - Ectoderm = Epiblast that does not ingress Frogs and Fishes: - Ectoderm = epithelia that undergoes epiboly and remains on outside what is the another name for the cell body of a neuron? - CORRECT ANSWER Soma Neural crest cell derivatives - CORRECT ANSWER *INTERMEDIATE BMP LEVELS* 1) Adrenal medulla 2) Craniofacial bones and cartilage 3) Dentine of teeth 4) Melanocytes 5) PNS - Glial cells - Schwann cells - Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems cranial placodes: - CORRECT ANSWER 1) Olfactory 2) Lens 3) Otic what are the two major types of cells in the embryo? - CORRECT ANSWER Epithelium 1) Highly organized into sheet or tube 2) Tightly linked together - Junctional complexes (*cadherins*) 3) Stationary 4) Polarized (apical side vs. basal side) 5) little ECM Mesenchyme 1) Loosely organized 2) Loss of adhesion 3) Ability to migrate and invade - most cancer cells that are metastasizing are mesenchyme - can operate as an independent unit 4) No polarity 5) Lots of ECM lessons from development: Who you surround yourself with... - CORRECT ANSWER changes your path. - Your community and neighbors are important. what are the 3 primary