Zusammenfassung
Summary Lernblätter Introduction to English Syntax
- Kurs
- Syntax
Lernblätter/Zusammenfassung Seminar English Syntax
[ Mehr anzeigen ]vorschau 3 aus 20 Seiten
Vorschau 3 aus 20 Seiten
In den Einkaufswagen
Inhaltsvorschau
,Constituents Are these sentences good english sentences?1) Between you and I, the show was awful.
➸ Prepositions are followed by accusative forms of pronouns: with me, him, her, them - *with I,
he, she, they ▸ Node = the
2) You and me are going to have fun. ▸ Domination
What is syntax?
➸ Subjects are in the nominative form: I am going to have fun. - *Me am going to have fun. ▸ Constituen
3) Neither Tasha no Ashanti are coming.
➸ None, no-one, and nothing are singular forms Phrase mar
4) I‘ll no can tell ye. Constituency
➸ Scottish English, but *I‘ll not can tell you. ▸ The movem
5) Mummy home. ▸ The substi
➸ Early child language ▸ The omissi
▸ The wh-qu
To recap Example
▸ we will describe the syntax (i.e. the internal structure) of grammatical English sentences There was a
The syntax of a language ▸ grammaticality is an aggregated judgment about structure from all native speakers
The syntax of a particular language L is a description of:
▸ How words are organised into groups (called phrases) in L Why do this?
▸ How these phrases are organised into sentences in L ▸ helps to develop analytical skills (applying diagnostics, testing hypothesis)
▸ provides some insight into why certain sentences sound ‚strange‘
The main aim of this course ▸ provides a useful pedagogical tool for teaching English (e.g. at high school or abroad)
▸ develop a basic familiarity with the syntax of English ▸ helpful in learning other languages (some universality)
Grammaticality Syntax: Chunks or strings of words?
▸ in this course we are only interested in describing the grammatical sentences of English ▸ the basic unit of the sentence is the word
▸ but what are the grammatical sentences of English? ▸ Are sentences simply strings of individual words or are sentences built from chunks of words?
➸ is there a comprehensive list?
▸ no list is available because sentences are potentially infinite B) The subst
2 declaratives:
1) Gareth‘s nose is very very very very very very very….(handsome). 1) Susan will leave.
2) Lucia owns a cat that ate a rat that ate a spider that caught a fly that saw a banana 2) The boy will leave.
that…
▸ with no list available, we ask native English speakers to judge which sentences are good and How do we turn declaratives (statements) into interrogatives (questions)?
which are bad ➸ Swap will and the preceding word:
▸ native speakers have implicit knowledge about their language 1) Will Susan leave?
⊳ Where did this knowledge come from? ➸ Language Acquisition 2) *The will boy leave?
⊳ What form does this knowledge take (e.g. a list of rules)? ➸ Formal Linguistic Theory
➸ Swap will and the first phrase (chunk):
Grammaticality versus acceptability 1) Will Susan leave?
A) Acceptability = a general judgement about a sentence‘s suitability in a real-world context
2) Will the boy leave?
B) Grammaticality = whether a sentence displays acceptable structure
Conclusion: Syntactic rules make reference to phrases. Therefore, sentences must be ‚chunky‘.
▸ unacceptable sentences can still be grammatical
1) Colourless green ideas sleep furiously. Phrases
[nonsensical] Sentences are composed of phrases and phrases are composed of words:
2) I enjoyed the party very very very (x500) much.
[too long for conversation]
← ☒
3) To the king: Yo my homeboy, whaddup?
☒
[wrong register]
▸ an ungrammatical sentence is marked by an asterisk (*)
⊳ *Harry married has Megan.
⊳ *Not queen the is happy very.
⊳ *Kate jealous maybe is. D) The wh-q
, Functions Subjects and predicates
▸ both example sentences fit the same phrase marker
heads and modifiers
▸ the phrase dangerous criminals is a
➸ eternal structure of this NP?
Reminder from last week: Phrases
1) The nasty burglar had taken a bath.
▸ S always immediately dominates two constituents
▸ these are the subject and the predicate
▸ the phrase extremely dangerous is
Some grammatical properties of english subjects
▸ forming yes/no questions involves inverting the order of subject and auxiliary verb ➸ eternal structure of this AP?
2) Those people from Moscow left yesterday.
1) The man stroking a cat will bake a cake.
2) Will the man stroking a cat bake a cake?
Heads and modifiers
▸ subjects show agreement with the finite verb ▸ the functional relationship between
3) The man bakes many cakes. ▸ a modifier is dependent on its head
4) Those men bake many cakes. ▸ a head is not dependent on its modi
1) Batman regularly apprehends (dang
Constituents in sentences
Looking inside the predicate ➸ noun phrase
▸ the predicate must contain at least one verb 2) These people are (extremely) dange
The president entered the room.
▸ it may also contain other items ➸ adjective phrase
He entered the room.
Who entered the room? - The president.
Heads and complements
▸ the phrase into the ditch is a prepo
The president entered it.
An aside: Talking about structural relations
What did the president enter? - The room.
▸ if two nodes are immediately dominated by the same node, then they are sisters a) Charles fell into the ditch.
▸ an immediate domination relationship is also called a mother-daughter relationship b) *Charles fell into.
➸ Nominal constituents: The president (a phrase) + The room (a phrase)
⊳ A is the mother of B and C c) *Charles fell the ditch.
⊳ B and C are the daughters of A
3 possible structures:
▸ the functional relationship between
⊳ the complement is dependent o
Function versus form ⊳ the head is dependent on its co
▸ subject and predicate are grammatical functions
▸ Function = a dependency relation with respect to a sister constituent
▸ Form = the syntactic category of a constituent (noun, verb, etc.) Recursive phrases
▸ phrases often contain many modifier
An analogy ▸ constituency tests show that:
1) sings songs is constituent
2) sings songs acts like a verb ph
▸ often seems to modify the VP sings
Simplifying the problem
▸ therefore, the VP is a head
▸ let‘s compare our sentence to a simpler version, such as:
▸ in recursive phrases, there is one h
Alle Vorteile der Zusammenfassungen von Stuvia auf einen Blick:
Garantiert gute Qualität durch Reviews
Stuvia Verkäufer haben mehr als 700.000 Zusammenfassungen beurteilt. Deshalb weißt du dass du das beste Dokument kaufst.
Schnell und einfach kaufen
Man bezahlt schnell und einfach mit iDeal, Kreditkarte oder Stuvia-Kredit für die Zusammenfassungen. Man braucht keine Mitgliedschaft.
Konzentration auf den Kern der Sache
Deine Mitstudenten schreiben die Zusammenfassungen. Deshalb enthalten die Zusammenfassungen immer aktuelle, zuverlässige und up-to-date Informationen. Damit kommst du schnell zum Kern der Sache.
Häufig gestellte Fragen
Was bekomme ich, wenn ich dieses Dokument kaufe?
Du erhältst eine PDF-Datei, die sofort nach dem Kauf verfügbar ist. Das gekaufte Dokument ist jederzeit, überall und unbegrenzt über dein Profil zugänglich.
Zufriedenheitsgarantie: Wie funktioniert das?
Unsere Zufriedenheitsgarantie sorgt dafür, dass du immer eine Lernunterlage findest, die zu dir passt. Du füllst ein Formular aus und unser Kundendienstteam kümmert sich um den Rest.
Wem kaufe ich diese Zusammenfassung ab?
Stuvia ist ein Marktplatz, du kaufst dieses Dokument also nicht von uns, sondern vom Verkäufer SerenaCécile. Stuvia erleichtert die Zahlung an den Verkäufer.
Werde ich an ein Abonnement gebunden sein?
Nein, du kaufst diese Zusammenfassung nur für 6,49 €. Du bist nach deinem Kauf an nichts gebunden.
Kann man Stuvia trauen?
4.6 Sterne auf Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
45.681 Zusammenfassungen wurden in den letzten 30 Tagen verkauft
Gegründet 2010, seit 14 Jahren die erste Adresse für Zusammenfassungen