I offer you a complete summary of the third course of psychology. I included a lot of colours and graphics to make studying nicer and easier - It's like reading a good textbook, but way shorter. You can be sure that I included all important information for this course as me & a lot of friends studi...
#1 HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY mental itself, or an illusion created
by the mind
- Materialism= holds that only
the physical is real, and that the
Literature Tip: Hergenhahn; Thorne & Henley
mental can be reduced to the
Learning Goal: What were the main views of the different philosophers physical. -> Reductionism
(PreDiscussion) about the human mind & knowledge? Nativism -> true knowledge is innate & Plato, Aristotle,
present upon birth Descartes, Locke
Rationalism -> knowledge happens trough Plato, Aristotle,
reason Descartes
Determinism -> everything that occurs is based Aristotle, Hume
-> hard-core: perception is
on the laws of nature; everything is
unnecessary
predetermined based on what
-> normal: knowledge is acquired
already has happened -> you can
through reasoning about sensory
predict outcomes if you have
perception
enough information
Dualism -> there is another reality (God, Plato, Descartes
heaven etc.) in addition to the
reality we can perceive PLATO (ca. 427 -347 B.C)
-> body & mind are independent - his writings can be divided into two periods
entities
- he wished to find something permanent that could be object of knowledge
Empiricism -> knowledge is based on Aristotle, Locke, Hume
-> his search carried him far beyond Socrates’ essence
perception & the senses
-> hard-core: cognitive processes
aren’t necessary for acquiring - was a nativist (=the truth ultimately arrived at was inborn) & a rationalist (=
knowledge stressed mental operations as a means of arriving at the truth) & an idealist (=
-> normal: cognitive processes can real world doesn’t exist) & a dualist.
help
1. Period
Monism -> all is one – there is only one Plato(Idealist)
= reported the thoughts & methods of his teacher, Socrates
form of existence
- Idealism= holds that the 2. Period
mind is all that exists (i.e. the only = combined the Socratic method with mystical Pythagorean philosophy
existing substance is mental), and -> mathematical tradition
that the external world is either
1
,Theory of Forms reality
-> the world of knowledge, contains forms or ideas (= the universe is known - the escaped prisoner sees the real objects responsible for the shadows in the
only trough reason) & the world of opinion, consists of the changing particulars cave and, thus, embraces true knowledge – after this experience an effort is
which is conveyed by our senses-> external stimuli (senses are inaccurate) made to steer others away from ignorance & toward wisdom
= everything in the empirical world is a manifestation of a pure form (idea) that
Reminiscence Theory of Knowledge
exists in abstract
- tries to answer how one comes to know the forms if they cannot be known
-> objects are inferior manifestations of pure forms
through experience
e.g.: encountering a cat/dog – are inferior copies of an abstract idea of
- most mystical aspect
“catness”
- the only way to arrive at true knowledge is to ignore sensory experiences and
- form (“catness”) has an existence separate from its individual manifestations
focus on the contents of the mind
- knowledge could only be attained through reason & not trough
= all knowledge is innate and can only be attained through introspection (= the
perceptions/external stimuli
searching of one’s inner experiences)
Anamnesis
- sensory experiences can only remind one of what was already known
= recollection of information we already possess in order to learn to
-> all knowledge comes from reminiscence (= from remembering the
understand & appreciate the perfect form
experiences the soul had before entering the body)
Analogy of the Divided Line/ Ranks of thinking
Nature of the Soul
= attempting to gain knowledge by examining the empirical world via sensory
- believed soul had a 1. rational component that was immortal and two other
experiences – doomed to ignorance/opinion (true knowledge involves grasping
irrational components:
the forms themselves – can only be done by rational thought)
2. The courageous (= varied emotions) 3. The appetitive (= needs such
- Imagining (= lowest form of understanding because it’s based on images)
as hunger, thirst, sex) = were part of the body -> mortal
- beliefs don’t constitute knowledge
- these three components were almost always in a conflict (like Freud)
- mathematical knowledge (=not highest type of knowledge because it’s
-> when wanting to attain knowledge, humans must suppress needs &
applied to the solution of practical/empirical problems)
concentrate on rational pursuits (e.g. introspection)
- embracing the forms themselves (highest form of thinking/knowledge – true
-> when a persons’ rational soul dominates isn’t impulsive – his/her life is
knowledge results only from an understanding of the abstract forms)
dominated by moral principles & future goals instead of the immediate
- the “form of the good” (=highest form of wisdom because it encompasses all
satisfaction of biological/emotional needs
other forms & shows their interrelatedness; makes all other forms knowable; is
Utopia Forms:
equated with God)
- dominant appetitive aspect = workers, slaves
Allegory of the Cave - dominant emotional aspect = soldiers
= represents humans who confuse the shadows of sense experiences with
2
,- dominant reasonal aspect = philosopher-kings Causation & Teleology
(whether one was determined to be one of this was a matter of inheritance) to understand anything we must know 4 causes
1. Material Cause (= the kind of matter of which an object is made, e.g.:
-> created a rudimentary theory of personality
a statue is made of marble)
Sleep & Dreams 2. Formal Cause (= the particular form/pattern of an object)
-> while awake – some better in rationally controlling appetites – but during sleep their appetites
3. Efficient Cause (= the force that transforms the matter into a certain
manifest themselves
- quite similar to Freud
form)
4. Final Cause (= the purpose for which an object exists)
Plato’s Legacy - Teleology
- did little to promote science & much to inhibit it = everything has a purpose (can be either a conscious function
- created dualism that divided the human into a body which was material & or a built-in one
imperfect & a mind/soul which contained pure knowledge - Entelechy
-> immortal rational soul = purpose; everything in nature has a function built into it
- believed that the categories of things in nature remain fixed with a grand
hierarchy (denied evolution)
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C) -> scala naturae (= nature is arranged in a hierarchy ranging from
- son of a court physician neutral matter to the unmoved mover(= pure actuality & is the cause
- it’s assumed that he received training in medicine of everything in nature; gives all natural objects their purposes))
- one of Plato’s most brilliant student = all objects in nature have a purpose & nature itself has a purpose – highly
- founded the world’s first university (lyceum) teleological
- the first philosopher that extensively treat many topics that later became part
of psychology (he covered memory, sensation, sleep, dreams, geriatrics, Hierarchy of Souls
learning) - soul gives life, thus, all living things possess a soul
- but also made contributions to every branch of knowledge - three types of souls – a living things’ potential is determined by that
- the last human to know everything that was knowable during his lifetime 1. Vegetative (nutritive) soul (= is possessed by plants; allows
- followed the Hippocratic, biological tradition growth, assimilation of food, & reproduction)
2. Sensitive Soul (= possessed by animals not plants; also possesses a
- believed that the mind must be employed before knowledge can be attained sensitive soul sense, responds to environment, experiences pleasure
(=rationalism) but that the object of rational thought was the information ‘ & pain, and have a memory)
furnished by the senses (=empiricism) – but was more of a rationalist, but also a 3. Rational Soul (= possessed by humans; provides all functions of the
nativist & determinist previous ones and also allows thinking/rational thought)
3
, - believed that the soul was immortal, but is unable to carry knowledge from life -> postulated an inner potential in humans that may or may not be reached ->
to life first self-actualization theory
Sensation Memory & Recall
= isolated experience -> as a result of sense perception
- perception is explained by the motion of objects that stimulate one of the Remembering
senses = spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously
-> each of the five senses was maximally sensitive to movements in a certain experienced
medium Recall
- believed that we could trust our senses to yield an accurate representation of = involves an actual search for a past experience
the environment -> in conjunction with laws of association
-> sensory experience was a necessary, but not a sufficient, element in the
Laws of Association
attainment of knowledge
-> first attempt for cognitive psychology
Common Sense - of contiguity
= synthesized experience = states that when we think of something, we also tend to think of
= a mechanism that coordinated the information from all the senses things that were experienced along with it
- assumed to be located in the heart - of similarity
-> was supposed to synthesize sensory experience (making it more = thinking of something similar
meaningful) - of contrast
= thinking of the opposite
Passive Reason
- of frequency
= utilization of synthesized experience
= the more often experiences occur together, the stronger will be their
= involved the utilization of synthesized experience for getting along
association
effectively in everyday life
-> associationism (= the belief that one or more laws of association can be
-> didn’t result in understanding
used to explain things / the phenomenon of memory)
Active Reason
Mistakes
= abstraction of principles/essences from synthesized experiences
// assigned thinking & common sense to the heart
= abstraction of first principles from one’s many experiences
// main function of brain- to cool the blood
-> highest form of thinking
// denied evolution
- acting in accordance with one’s nature – caused pleasure
// earth is center of the universe
- source of greatest pleasure
// justified slavery & argued that males are superior to females
4
Alle Vorteile der Zusammenfassungen von Stuvia auf einen Blick:
Garantiert gute Qualität durch Reviews
Stuvia Verkäufer haben mehr als 700.000 Zusammenfassungen beurteilt. Deshalb weißt du dass du das beste Dokument kaufst.
Schnell und einfach kaufen
Man bezahlt schnell und einfach mit iDeal, Kreditkarte oder Stuvia-Kredit für die Zusammenfassungen. Man braucht keine Mitgliedschaft.
Konzentration auf den Kern der Sache
Deine Mitstudenten schreiben die Zusammenfassungen. Deshalb enthalten die Zusammenfassungen immer aktuelle, zuverlässige und up-to-date Informationen. Damit kommst du schnell zum Kern der Sache.
Häufig gestellte Fragen
Was bekomme ich, wenn ich dieses Dokument kaufe?
Du erhältst eine PDF-Datei, die sofort nach dem Kauf verfügbar ist. Das gekaufte Dokument ist jederzeit, überall und unbegrenzt über dein Profil zugänglich.
Zufriedenheitsgarantie: Wie funktioniert das?
Unsere Zufriedenheitsgarantie sorgt dafür, dass du immer eine Lernunterlage findest, die zu dir passt. Du füllst ein Formular aus und unser Kundendienstteam kümmert sich um den Rest.
Wem kaufe ich diese Zusammenfassung ab?
Stuvia ist ein Marktplatz, du kaufst dieses Dokument also nicht von uns, sondern vom Verkäufer psychoel. Stuvia erleichtert die Zahlung an den Verkäufer.
Werde ich an ein Abonnement gebunden sein?
Nein, du kaufst diese Zusammenfassung nur für 15,99 €. Du bist nach deinem Kauf an nichts gebunden.
