This is a full summary of all the literature of the course 'Affective Disorders', which is given in year 3 (specialization) of Psychology at EUR. If the literature changes, it might contain some abundant information. It is 91 pages, so very extensive!
Depression and other common mental disorders (World Health Organization)
Introduction
This booklet provides latest available estimates of the prevalence of depression and other
common mental disorders at the global and regional level, together with data concerning
the consequences of these disorders in terms of lost health
2. Data Sources
Apart from some definitions of the two diagnostic categories (depressive and anxiety
disorders) within common mental disorders, not very relevant
3. Global and regional estimates of prevalence: Depression
- Proportion global population with depression in 2015 is 4.4%
- Prevalence peaking in older adulthood (55-74 years)
- Prevalence can be country-specific
- 322 million people living with depression
- Increase of people with depression by 18.4% between 2005 and 2015
3. Global and regional estimates of prevalence: Anxiety Disorders
- Proportion global population with anxiety disorders in 2015 is 3.6%
- In redion of the Americas, 7.7% of females are estimated to suffer from anxiety
disorder
- Prevalence do not vary substantialle between age groups, though there is a trend
towards older age groups
- 264 million people living with anxiety disorder
- Increase of people with anxiety disorder by 14.9% since 2005
,3. Global and regional estimates of prevalence: Common Mental Disorders
- Range of anxiety and depressive disorders
- Many people experience both conditions simultaneously (comorbidity)
- Within overall estimates, there is a range of severity
4. Global and regional estimates of health loss
Common mental disorders lead to considerable losses in health and functioning
- Multiplying prevalence by the average level of diability associated with them (Years
Lived with Disability)
- Depressive disorders – single largest contributor to non-fatal health loss, global total
over 50 million years YLD
- Anxiety disorders – sixth largest contributor to non-fatal health loss, global total of
over 24.6 million years YLD
- Suicice – in 2015 it was estimates that 788.000 people died by suicide, withe even
more attempts, in 2015 suicide was the second leading cause of death among 15-19
years old globally
,Cognitive Vulnerability (Abrahamson)
This chapter presents two cognitive theories of depression
Hopelessness theory and Beck’s Theory
1. Hopelesness theory – the expectation that highly desired outcomes will not occur or
that highly aversive outcomes will occur and that one cannot change this situation.
- This is also called Hopelessness Depression (HD) and can lead to symptoms such
as low energy, sadness and suicidality
- Occasion setters are the presence of negative life events or the absence of
positive life events which makes people become hopeless
- 3 inferences that people may make when confronted with negative events:
1) Attribution to stable and global causes and viewed as important (e.g. failing
because of low intelligence)
2) Viewed as likely to lead to other negative consequences (e.g. failing prevents
graduating)
3) Construed as implying that the person is unworthy or deficient (e.g. failing
makes me unworthy)
When interpreted in this negative way, people are more likely to become
hopeless and depressed
- Cognitive vulnerability-stress component: negative cognitive styles combined
with negative life events leads to a certain vulnerability to depression
- Social, material, emotional and informational support may buffer against
depression
2. Beck’s Theory – maladaptive self-schemata containing dysfunctinal attitudes
(involving themes of loss, inadequacy, failure and worthlesness) constitute the
cognitive vulnerability for depression
- Dysfunctional attitudes often involve the theme that one’s happiness depends on
being perfect or on other people’s approval
- These self-schemata are activated under negative life events and generate
automatic thoughts (specific negative cognitions) which leads to an overall
negative view
, - It is hypothesized that this cognitive vulnerability-stress model only applies to
certain depressions
- There are individual differences in the things people value (e.g. one person will
value social relationships and become more depressed when he is being rejected,
while others may place more value on autonomy)
Comparison of the two theories: Similarities and Differences
Similarities
- Both theories emphasize the role of cognition in the origins and maintenance of
depression
- Both theories contain a cognitive vulnerability hypothesis
- Both theories propose a mediating sequence of negative inferences that
influence whether or not negative events will lead to depressive symptoms
- Both theories recognize the heterogeinity of depression and either explicitly
(hopelessness) or implicitly (Beck) propose the existence of a cognitively
mediated subtype of depression
Differences
- The hopelessness theory focuses on cognitive products (end results of the
cognitive processes), saying depressive and nondepressive cognition differ in
content but not in process
- Beck’s theory on the other hand also focuses on te cognitive process and says
that depressive and nondepressive cognition differ in both content and process
(schema-driven in depressives and data-driven in non depressives)
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