AP Biology Exam Questions and Answers Graded A+
What are the 2 theories of evolution? Explain each
Gradualism- geologic changes result from slow, gradual, continuous process
Punctuated Equilibrium- Long period of stasis punctuated by short bursts of significant change.
What was Lamarck's t...
AP Biology Exam Questions and Answers Graded
A+
What are the 2 theories of evolution? Explain each
Gradualism- geologic changes result from slow, gradual, continuous process
Punctuated Equilibrium- Long period of stasis punctuated by short bursts of significant change.
What was Lamarck's theory and why was it wrong?
Lamarck = Inheritance of Acquired characteristics- traits acquired during lifetime could be passed on
What is natural selection
Comptetition for limited resources results in differential survival
Populations evolve, NOT individuals
Variations exist -> differential reproductive success -> results in changes in genetic composition of a
population
What are the types of evidence for evolution
- Fossil record
- Homology
- DNA
-Embryology
What are homologous structures
similar anatomy from common ancestors (ex: whale pelvic bone)
What are vestigial structures
Historic remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors but are no longer essential,
ex: appendix
What are analogous structures
Adapted similar structures due to similar environment
What are some reproductive barriers? Give both prezygotic & postzygotic
Prezygotic- impede fertilization
- Habitat isolation
- Diff mating seasons
- Behavioral: diff mating rituals
- Gametic: no sperm/egg fusion
Postzygotic- prevent viable development
- Hybrid won't survive to adulthood
- Sterile hybrids
- Only 1st generation of hybrids is sterile
What are allopatric and sympatric speciation?
A- Geographically isolated (sad squirrels)
S- Overlapping geographic area, but don't reproduce
What is adaptive radiation
,Many new species arise from a single common ancestor
Occurs when a few organisms make way to new distant areas (allopatric speciation)
What did Oparin & Haldane do?
Mimiced primitive atmospheric conditions in lab
What did Miller & Urey do
Tested Oparin and Haldane hypothesis, simulated conditions in lab
Produced amino acids
What does the endosymbiotic theory state and what evidence supports it
Mitochondria and chloroplasts formed from small prokaryotes living in larger cells
Evidence= own membranes, own DNA, enzymes similar to those of living prokaryotes
What are homeotic genes and what is the main example?
Master regulatory genes that determine location & organization of body parts
HIGHLY conserved = essential
Ex: hox genes (limb development)
Hints at relatedness b/t all life forms, been around for a long time = evolutionarily important
What are the main sources of genetic variation
1. Sexual recombination (meiosis)
2. Mutations
What is the gene pool
All of the alleles (variations) for all genes in all the members of the population
What are the conditions for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and what does it mean
if they are not met? Is this realistic?
-No mutations
-Random mating
-No natural selection
-Extremely large population size
-No gene flow (Immigration/Emigration)
If these are not met it means a population is evolving- No
Name & explain the 3 types of natural selection
Directional selection- Push to favor one type (ex: one type of moth survives better)
Disruptive selection- creates diversity, specialized skills (ex: birds w different beaks eat different kinds
of seeds)
Stabilizing selection- middle version is favored (ex: babies too little or too big can't survive birth)
What is genetic drift
Small populations have a greater chance of fluctuation in allele frequencies from one generation to
another (random)
What is the founder effect
, A few individuals become isolated from larger population- causes certain alleles to be
under/overrepresented (ex: 6 fingered Amish people)
What is the bottleneck effect
Sudden change in environment drastically reduces population size -> new combo of alleles (ex:
natural disaster)
What is gene flow
Movement of fertile individuals between populations
Gain/lose alleles
Reduces genetic differences between populations, decreases diversity (someone with a certain
mutation may leave)
What is heterozygote advantage?
Heterozygote advantage: greater fitness than homozygotes
Ex: sickle cell protects against malaria
What is a Universal Common Ancestor
The belief that all organisms originated from a single common ancestor
What are the important properties of water
- Polar
- Forms hydrogen bonds
- Cohesion/Adhesion ability
- High specific heat
- High heat of vaporization
What are cohesion & adhesion and why are they important
Cohesion- water sticks to itself
Adhesion- water sticks to any substance w which it can form hydrogen bonds
Allows water to move up the xylem & phloem through capillary action
What is the significance of water's high specific heat?
Water heats up slowly and holds its temp longer- allows organisms to maintain a fairly constant
internal temp
What is the significance of water's high heat of vaporization?
Organisms dispose of heat through evaporative cooling (ex: sweating)
Describe hydrophobic exclusion
When nonpolar molecules are placed in water, they aggregate in order to minimize the disruption of
water's hydrogen bonding
What is glycogen?
Polymer of glucose, animals store glucose in the form of glycogen
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