Cogsci c100 Midterm Fall2024 with 100% correct answers(latest update)

What is the job of cogsci? bringing perspectives from neuro, psych, CS, phil, lang, and anthro together what method do philosophers use? argument and analysis/ deductive reasoning what methods do psychologists use? experimental techniques and paradigms what methods do neuroscientists use? spacial/temporal resolution, case studies, lesions, brain imaging what methods do cognitive psychologists use? modeling what methods do AI researchers use? computer modeling temporal resolution time intervals to which they are sensitive spacial resolution the scale on which they give precise measurement why are conclusions derived from western psycho experiements not represent humanity as a whole? participants are WEIRD- western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic define cognition mental activity of acquisition, storage, transformation and use of knowledge who established first psych lab? Wundt what happened when behaviorism took rise? psych should study relation between observable stimuli and response mind was banished from discussion what happened when cognitive psychology took rise? growth in memory and ling and cs created view that mental processes can be best understood by comparison to a computer whats the computational model of mind? cognition involves an algorithmic process of info processing what is parallel distributed processing? brain performs range of actives at the same time, can complete process of info even if some info is gone or wrone frontal lobe is responsible for? speaking, muscle movement, making plans and judgement parietal lobe is responsible for sensory cortex occipital lobe is responsible for? visual info temporal lobe is responsible for? auditory motor cortex responsible for voluntary movements sensory cortex responsible for sensations what are the two parts of the limbic system? amygdala and hippocampus Amydala is responsible for: emotions, fear and aggression hippocampus is responsible for memory what are the three limitations of the experiemtal method? 1. lack of ecological validity (more controlled environment = less like irl) 2. best things in life arent quantifiable 3. belief is a confounding variable what is the difference between sensation and perception? sensation is the process of our sensory receptors and nervous system converting stimulus energies from the environment to neural impulses perception is the process of interpreting and organizing sensory info thru previous knowledge what are the 4 early models of object perception? 1. template matching (exemplar approach) 2. feature- analysis (feature approach) 3. prototype (prototype approach) 4. recognition-by-components problem with template matching model cant account for complexities and flexibility of object recognition (different handwriting) problem with feature analysis model can't explain recognition of complex objects with moving features Explain how Artificial Neural Networks work neurons = nodes weights = connections between nodes similar to IPSP and EPSP the first layer of nodes are the 784 nodes colored on a grey scale (0 = no activation, 1= fully activated) the second layer will pick up on edges based on the activation's weighted sum according to the weights the third layer recognizes the subcomponents of the number the last layer has 10 nodes (0-9) and the brightest one is the computers "answer" How are multilayered neural networks trained? back propagation- the weight of connections between nodes changes why would increasing the number of hidden layers in a neural net be bad? network might overfit the training set- unable to generalize new data bottom up processing analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information - INFO COMING FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD top down processing info processing guided by our beliefs, expectations, and memories - INFO FROM OUR MINDS self-fulfilling prophecy beliefs create our experiences and perceptions Pygmalion effect people are influenced by the expectations built upon them - children that were randomly labeled "spurters" showed greater increase in IQ what are the 3 kinds of perceptual constancies? shape, lightness, size-distance light constancy we perceive an object as having a constant lightness even while its illumination varies modular processing there are specialized info processing modules that respond automatically and cant be switched off Prosopagnosia inability to recognize faces visual agnosia inability to recognize objects unilateral spatial neglect ignores left side due to stroke in right hemisphere (parietal and frontal) they still kinda have an unconscious awareness to the left side however blindsight a condition in which people who are blind have some spared visual capacities in the absence of any visual awareness Mozart Effect music may induce a short-term improvement on the performance of certain kinds of mental tasks known as "spatial-temporal reasoning;"