Summary for block 1.2 at Erasmus university (). I'm enrolled in international psychology, however the sources and study materials are the same in both psychology courses. Hence, these summaries may also be useful for Dutch students. The summaries are based on at least 2 of the required reading mate...
Summary #3 Carl Rogers, self-actualization; Bandura, social learning theory
Carl rogers
Humanistic psychology
= every person has a potential for growth/development. No one is inherently bad.
Phenomenological psychology
= importance of once own personal experiences/individual way of perceiving the world
Carl Roger’s Personality theory
Emphasis on:
1. Unique/subjective experiences of individuals (phenomenology)
2. Every person has its personal frame of reference.
individual itself can only be expert on himself/understand himself
3. Everything is subject to subjective perception/interpretation
Higher goal of organism
fulfillment, actualization, maintenance, enhancement of the individual
Self-Actualization
= capability to maintain the self
- Stay true to own feelings congruence wholeness/integration
- Enriches life experience/creativity
Fully functioning person when one self-actualizes. (can be potentially anyone)
Open to experience
Trust feelings/se;f-determined
Immerse in world
meaning, challenge, excitement & risk in life
Organismic valuing process
= evaluating whether an experience contributes to the maintenance of the organism (self-
actualization) approach or avoid tendencies
According to Roger’s self-actualization is an important higher goal.
However, it can be inhibited/prevented from happening by:
Conditions of self-worth
= preconditions (either set by oneself or environment) for acceptance.
These conditions of self-worth can also be placed on the self
conditional self-regard/contingent self-worth
= only accept/render oneself worthy when adhering to self-set standards.
Place conditions of self-worth on self very motivating, however failure is extremely
discouraging/stressful.
These conditions of self-worth interfere with listening/trusting one’s own feeling and
maintaining the self-concept prevent/hinder self-actualization
, Motivation to meet the requirements of the conditions of worth:
Need for positive regard
=inborn need for love, affection, appreciation, acknowledgement
Positive regard can either be given unconditionally or conditionally
Unconditional positive regard
= regardless of conditions love and affection is provided
Conditional positive regard
= love and affection is given merely when someone meets the requirements (specific
standards)
Roger’s personality theory is theory built around the self-concept.
The self- concept
= perception of self, aspects of life, relationship together with the values attached to it.
organized/consistent whole (even though its subject to change)
The self or self-concept is an organized, consistent whole. It consists of perceptions about
oneself and one’s relationships to others and to diverse aspects of life, all have values
attached to them. Self-perception influences behaviour and perception of world
The self is partly formed by experience with environment and the perceptions thereof.
Actual self
= what one perceives to be like
Ideal self
= image of the kind of person one would like to be
Congruence (promoted by self-actualizing)
= harmony/consistency
Either in:
Ideal self and actual self:
a closer fit between the actual and the ideal. Becoming more like the self you want to be.
Actual self and experiences:
the experiences one has in life should fit with the kind of person one thinks he is.
It may seem odd, but the desire to verify beliefs about yourself applies even to beliefs that
are unflattering. (Swann, Wenzlaff, & Tafarodi, 1992).
If you think you’re shy, you’d rather have someone else agree than say the opposite.
Here’s the problem: For the person who does not want to be shy; there’s a built-in conflict
between self-verification and self-protection.
Self-verification
= not to have incongruity between self and experience. (think shy treated/called a shy
person)
Self-protection
= not to be aware of incongruity between one’s desired self and actual self. (I am shy I
want to be outgoing)
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