Pearson Biology 2: Summary Paper and Study Guide 2024/2025

negative feedback - AnsA form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. cerebellum - AnsPart of the vertebrate hindbrain located dorsally; functions in unconscious coordination of movement and balance. liver - AnsA large internal organ in vertebrates that performs diverse functions, such as producing bile, maintaining blood glucose level, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood. mitosis - AnsA process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei. oxidative phosphorylation - AnsThe production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration. pseudopodium/pseudopodia - AnsA cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding. liverwort - AnsA small, herbaceous, nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum Hepatophyta. associative learning - AnsThe acquired ability to associate one environmental feature (such as a color) with another (such as danger). peripheral protein - AnsA protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer. rubisco - AnsRibulose bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase-oxygenase, the enzyme that normally catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP). When excess O2 is present or CO2 levels are low, rubisco can bind oxygen, resulting in photorespiration. invertebrate - AnsAn animal without a backbone. Invertebrates make up 95% of animal species. absorption spectrum - AnsThe range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light; also a graph of such a range. mesoderm - AnsThe middle primary germ layer in a triploblastic animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures. zygomycete - AnsA member of the fungal phylum Zygomycota, characterized by the formation of a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction. reinforcement - AnsIn evolutionary biology, a process in which natural selection strengthens prezygotic barriers to reproduction, thus reducing the chances of hybrid formation. Such a process is likely to occur only if hybrid offspring are less fit than members of the parent species. natural selection - AnsA process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. prezygotic barrier - AnsA reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization if interspecific mating is attempted. light-harvesting complex - AnsA complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem. Ecdysozoa - AnsOne of the three main lineages of bilaterian animals; many ecdysozoans are molting animals. See also Deuterostomia and Lophotrochozoa. statolith - Ans(1) In plants, a specialized plastid that contains dense starch grains and may play a role in detecting gravity. (2) In invertebrates, a dense particle that settles in response to gravity and is found in sensory organs that function in equilibrium. Stramenopila - AnsOne of the three major subgroups for which the "SAR" eukaryotic supergroup is named. This clade arose by secondary endosymbiosis and includes diatoms and brown alga