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BISC 312 Exam 2 Terms in this set (163) Regulation of enzyme activity by covalent modification covalent modifications are often reversible and are done by enzymes which are themselves subjected to regulation. Extremely common strategy (ex. phosphor 8,49 €
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BISC 312 Exam 2 Terms in this set (163) Regulation of enzyme activity by covalent modification covalent modifications are often reversible and are done by enzymes which are themselves subjected to regulation. Extremely common strategy (ex. phosphor
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BISC 312 Exam 2 Terms in this set (163) Regulation of enzyme activity by covalent modification covalent modifications are often reversible and are done by enzymes which are themselves subjected to regulation. Extremely common strategy (ex. phosphorylation or dephosphorylation) phos...

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8/12/24, 12:31 PM



BISC 312 Exam 2
Jeremiah




Terms in this set (163)

covalent modifications are often reversible and are
Regulation of enzyme activity by covalent done by enzymes which are themselves subjected
modification to regulation. Extremely common strategy (ex.
phosphorylation or dephosphorylation)

utilize an ATP that adds a phosphate group to a
phosphorylation by kinases and specific amino acid on an enzyme
dephosphorylation by phosphatases



zymogems proenzymes or inactive forms of enzymes

regulation with zymogems zymogems are activated into enzymes by proteolytic cleavage (protease activation).

synthesized in pancreas and secreted into
duodenum in small intestine. Enter as inactive forms
Where are zymogens synthesized and
(orange) and get converted into active proteases
activated?
(green) in small intestine. Ensures active enzymes
are only in lumen and not pancreatic cells

Many digestive enzymes need to work simultaneously to rapidly digest proteins. Trypsin
Trypsin is a common activator of many
is a common activator of multiple zymogens for enzymes involved in protein
zymogens
degradation and digestive functions

provides a strong and synchronized commitment to
digestion of proteins. Because zymogen activation
is irreversible, good inhibitors are needed to block
key activators like trypsin (the bond is extremely
Zymogens activated by trypsin
strong and works at super low concentrations)
because trypsin activation can be autocatalytic and
even one single trypsin molecule sets of the
activation cascade




BISC 312 Exam 2




1/10

, 8/12/24, 12:31 PM
proteolysis by trypsin and chain assembly leads to
formation of catalytic site (catalytic triad) and
chymotrypsin activation. First cleavage creates a
positively charged N-terminal residue which shifts its
example of chymotrypsinogen position and forms a salt bridge with Asp 194,
neighbor of Ser 195. This creates an oxyanion hone
and active site pocket. Further cleavages produce
alpha-chymotrypsin, principal and fully active form
found in digestive tract

blood clotting is an important cascade of reactions involving many zymogens,
other important biological cascades
caspases (enzymes involved in cell apoptosis), protein hormones like insulin, collagen
involving zymogens
and many others.

cellular protection, generating and storing biological energy, molecular recognition,
Functions of carbohydates cell signaling, cell adhesion, biological lubrication, control of protein trafficking,
maintenance of biological structure

Gram-positive: have simple cell walls with a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

gram positive vs gram negative bacteria
Gram-negative: more complex cell walls, less peptidoglycan, which is located between
2 membranes. More resistant to antibiotics.

elemental analysis of carbohydrate yield one water molecule for every C atom, the
hydrate de carbone smallest typical monosaccharide has 3 C atoms. Have large structural diversity in size,
stereochemistry, and shape

mainly used as fuel (energy) for cellular processes
and as fundamental building blocks for the synthesis
simplest carbohydrate: monosaccharides
of complex biomolecules. Classified as either
ketoses or aldoses

a lot of chiral carbons creates complex stereochemistry. Asymmetric carbons and
stereochemistry of carbohydrates
differences in spatial arrangement give rise to lots of stereoisomers.

Nonsuperiposable stereoisomers that are mirror
images of each other. D-sugars dominate in living
enantiomers
organisms



monosaccharides with more than 3 carbons have
more than one chiral carbon. Stereoisomers that are
not mirror images of each other are called
Diastereomers
diastereomers. D or L designation is given based on
the orientation of the furthest chiral carbon from the
carbonyl group

at equilibrium carbohydrates in solution are
predominantly in a cyclic form. alpha and beta
groups are dictated by the position of the hydroxyl
cyclic form of carbohydrates group on C1 (anomeric carbon) in reference to the
C5 carbon. The alpha form is when the hydroxyl
group is "down" and the beta form is when the
hydroxyl group is "up"

epimers differ from each other at one carbon

common hexose sugars in cyclic form




BISC 312 Exam 2
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