BBH 311 Exam 2 Review Questions and
Solutions
Animal models ✅used when you cannot ethically manipulate a variable in humans.
Helps us to understand individual differences and to gather more information about
underlying biology and behavior
Face valid model ✅produce behavioral or biological symptoms associated with human
condition. What you see is what you get (ex: rats, nicotine withdrawal, high-fat sweet
and salty food preference)
Grunberg found that the female animals that were going through nicotine withdrawal
binged on these junk foods, just like human females that are going through nicotine
withdrawal. The males going through withdrawal did not do this, and the animals that
were not going through withdrawal did not do this either.
Validity ✅the extent to which you are measuring what you think you are measuring
Mechanistic models ✅these types of models provide opportunity to measure indices
that may reflect underlying behavioral or biological mechanisms in humans
Example: animal model of nicotine addiction revealed that neurobiological
underpinnings of cocaine, heroin, and alcohol addiction also underlie nicotine addiction
(e.g., dopamine reward pathway)
Inference models (Faraday and Grunberg, 1999) ✅use behavioral or biological
response to infer processes related to humans
Ex: exploratory behavior in open field used an inference marker of anxiety; acoustic
startle reflex as an index of PTSD
Scientific guidelines ✅-quality of research is dependent on care, health, well-being,
and ethical treatment of animals
-Many laws and regulations govern animal research at approved institutions (Federal,
state, institutional, community)
-Scientists are specifically trained to:
-understand and agree to use animals sensitively, humanely, and as few animals as
possible
-agree to evaluate alternative techniques to achieve reliable results
- every aspect of research must be justified and carried out according to these
guidelines
, Professional, community, and governmental levels of review ✅1. Justification of
research
2. Personnel
3. Care and housing
4. Acquisition of animals
5. Experimental procedures
6. Field research
7. Educational use of animals: consider using alternate model
Replace (use a non-animal alternative), reduce (the number of animals used), refine
(less pain and distress) ✅what are the 3 R's guiding humane research?
APA Committee on Animal Research and Ethics ✅what is the name of the committee
that is in charge of animal rights vs animal welfare?
Mice and rats ✅the majority of biomedical research is conducted in what types of
animals?
They have many biological similarities to humans ✅why are mice and rats often used
in biomedical research?
90-95% ✅species make up _________% of mammals in research on human health
Rabbits and farm animals ✅what are other common animals used in biomedical
research besides mice and rats?
Zebrafish, fruit flies, and worms ✅what three types of animals are increasingly being
relied upon for genetics research?
1% ✅non-human primates, dogs, and cats make up less than ____% of mammals in
research.
-Not used widely
-needed for beneficial research to their own species
-have certain unique characteristics that make them critically important for the study of
heart disease, neurological disorders, and HIV/AIDS
Alternative methods to animal research ✅-in vitro (test tube) methods
-human cell and tissue cultures
-computer models and simulations
-non-invasive imaging techniques (MRI, CT scans)
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) ✅cells derived from regular human cells
(e.g., skin) coaxed to become pluripotent (differentiate into any other kind of cell in
body)
Solutions
Animal models ✅used when you cannot ethically manipulate a variable in humans.
Helps us to understand individual differences and to gather more information about
underlying biology and behavior
Face valid model ✅produce behavioral or biological symptoms associated with human
condition. What you see is what you get (ex: rats, nicotine withdrawal, high-fat sweet
and salty food preference)
Grunberg found that the female animals that were going through nicotine withdrawal
binged on these junk foods, just like human females that are going through nicotine
withdrawal. The males going through withdrawal did not do this, and the animals that
were not going through withdrawal did not do this either.
Validity ✅the extent to which you are measuring what you think you are measuring
Mechanistic models ✅these types of models provide opportunity to measure indices
that may reflect underlying behavioral or biological mechanisms in humans
Example: animal model of nicotine addiction revealed that neurobiological
underpinnings of cocaine, heroin, and alcohol addiction also underlie nicotine addiction
(e.g., dopamine reward pathway)
Inference models (Faraday and Grunberg, 1999) ✅use behavioral or biological
response to infer processes related to humans
Ex: exploratory behavior in open field used an inference marker of anxiety; acoustic
startle reflex as an index of PTSD
Scientific guidelines ✅-quality of research is dependent on care, health, well-being,
and ethical treatment of animals
-Many laws and regulations govern animal research at approved institutions (Federal,
state, institutional, community)
-Scientists are specifically trained to:
-understand and agree to use animals sensitively, humanely, and as few animals as
possible
-agree to evaluate alternative techniques to achieve reliable results
- every aspect of research must be justified and carried out according to these
guidelines
, Professional, community, and governmental levels of review ✅1. Justification of
research
2. Personnel
3. Care and housing
4. Acquisition of animals
5. Experimental procedures
6. Field research
7. Educational use of animals: consider using alternate model
Replace (use a non-animal alternative), reduce (the number of animals used), refine
(less pain and distress) ✅what are the 3 R's guiding humane research?
APA Committee on Animal Research and Ethics ✅what is the name of the committee
that is in charge of animal rights vs animal welfare?
Mice and rats ✅the majority of biomedical research is conducted in what types of
animals?
They have many biological similarities to humans ✅why are mice and rats often used
in biomedical research?
90-95% ✅species make up _________% of mammals in research on human health
Rabbits and farm animals ✅what are other common animals used in biomedical
research besides mice and rats?
Zebrafish, fruit flies, and worms ✅what three types of animals are increasingly being
relied upon for genetics research?
1% ✅non-human primates, dogs, and cats make up less than ____% of mammals in
research.
-Not used widely
-needed for beneficial research to their own species
-have certain unique characteristics that make them critically important for the study of
heart disease, neurological disorders, and HIV/AIDS
Alternative methods to animal research ✅-in vitro (test tube) methods
-human cell and tissue cultures
-computer models and simulations
-non-invasive imaging techniques (MRI, CT scans)
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) ✅cells derived from regular human cells
(e.g., skin) coaxed to become pluripotent (differentiate into any other kind of cell in
body)
