STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY & ARIZONA UNIVERSITY
BIO-320: Cell Biology Exam 1 Practice
Questions and Answers
What is a cell? - Answer✔️✔️-Cells are the basic unit of biology that
make up every organism on Earth. Cells are diverse and dynamic.
What is the Cell Theory? - Answer✔️✔️-1. All living organisms are
composed of one or more cells.
2. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living
organisms.
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.
What are marcomolecules? - Answer✔️✔️-Macromolecules are large,
complex molecules which are usually formed from the product of
smaller molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
What are the 4 main macromolecules? - Answer✔️✔️-1.
Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
What are monomers? - Answer✔️✔️-Monomers are small atoms or
molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such
STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY & ARIZONA UNIVERSITY
as polymers. Think of monomers as paper clips that link together to
form a chain, and the chain is the polymer.
What are polymers? - Answer✔️✔️-Polymers are large molecules
made from small, repeating molecular building blocks called
monomers.
What are proteins? - Answer✔️✔️-Proteins are large, complex
molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of
the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and
regulation of the body's tissues and organs.
What are the monomers of proteins? - Answer✔️✔️-Amino acids
How type of bond links amino acids? - Answer✔️✔️-Peptide bonds.
What do peptide bonds form? - Answer✔️✔️-Peptide bonds link
amino acids to form polypeptide chains, which fold into three
dimensional structures to create functional proteins.
What type of reaction causes peptide bonds to form? - Answer✔️✔️-
Peptide bonds are formed by condensation reactions, in which two
molecules combine to form a single molecule. Peptide bonds form
through a process called dehydration synthesis, where a chemical
bond is formed through the loss of a water molecule. When 2 amino
acids bond, the nitrogen of one amino group will bond to the carbon
of the other amino acids carboxyl group.
STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY & ARIZONA UNIVERSITY
What are the four levels of organization in protein structure? -
Answer✔️✔️-1. Primary Structure - Amino acid sequence of a
polypeptide chain.
2. Secondary Structure - Local folding of the polypeptide chain into
helices and sheets.
3. Tertiary Structure - Three-dimensional folding pattern of a
protein due to side chain reactions.
4. Quaternary Structure - Protein consisting of more than one
amino acid chain.
What is a polypeptide chain? - Answer✔️✔️-A polypeptide chain is a
continuous, unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide
bonds.
What are R-Groups? - Answer✔️✔️-Every amino acid has another
atom or group or atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R
group. This R group gives each amino acid proteins specific
characteristics, including size, polarity, and pH.
What is the difference between a-helix and b-sheets? - Answer✔️✔️-a-
helix and b-sheets are types of secondary structure of the protein.
They are both shaped by hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl O of
one amino acid and amino H of another.
STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY & ARIZONA UNIVERSITY
But a-helix is a polypeptide chain that is rod-shaped and coiled in a
spring-like structure held by hydrogen bonds.
B-sheets are made of beta strands connected laterally by 2 more
hydrogen bonds forming a backbone.
When are R-groups involved in the protein structure? - Answer✔️✔️-
The overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is called its
tertiary structure. The tertiary structure is primarily due to
interactions between the R groups of the amino acids that make up
the protein.
What causes secondary structure in protein structure? -
Answer✔️✔️-The secondary structure arises from the hydrogen bonds
formed between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. The hydrogen
bonds form between the partially negative oxygen atom and the
partially positive nitrogen atom.
What are the four types of bonds/interactions that create folding in
tertiary structure? - Answer✔️✔️-1. Disulfide bonds
2. Hydrogen bonds
3. Ionic bonds
4. Van der waals/hydrophobic interactions
What happens in quaternary structure? - Answer✔️✔️-Multiple
polypeptides fit together to form one protein.
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