What are values? - Core beliefs you hold regarding what is right and fair in terms of our
actions and our interactions with others.
Guide us and priorities
How are values learned? - Learned in conscious and unconscious ways.
Conscious (how do you acquire values) - through instruction by parents, teachers,
mentors,religious leaders, and educators, professional or social group leaders
Formally adopted by groups & written in-professional codes of ethics, religious
doctrines, societal laws, and statement of an organization's philosophy
Subconscious (how do you acquire values) - socialization and role modeling
What is self awareness? - Knowing how you're behaving and how it affects others
Understanding others perspectives - We can never 'walk in someone's shoes',however,
we can remain open to how others' realities, experiences, cultures, spirituality, and
environments have shaped their perspective.
What is values clarification? - Refers to the process of becoming more conscious of and
articulating what we value or consider worthy.
Steps of Values Clarification (2) - (Step 1)- the nurse clarifies personal values through
reflection and discussion.
(Step 2)- the nurse helps the pt. to clarify values through structured communication.
What is structured communication? - Repeat what the pt. has said - summarize-give
time for them to reflect.
Encourage exploration or discussion and don't impose your own values
No judgments
Client behaviors that may indicate unclear/conflicting values (5) - 1) Ignoring health and
professional advice
2) Inconsistent communication or behaviour
,3) Numerous admissions to a healthcare agency for the same problem
4) Confusion or uncertainty about which course of action to take
5) Refusal of care
CNO Values (7) - 1) client well-being
2) client choice
3) privacy and confidentiality
4) respect for life
5) maintaining commitments
6) truthfulness
7) fairness
8 primary values of the Canadian Nurses Association - 1. Safe, Competent, and Ethical
Care
2. Health and Wellbeing
3. Choice
4. Dignity
5. Confidentiality
6. Justice
7. Accountability
8. Quality practice environments
Professional Values - Acquired during socialization into nursing
- Codes of ethics
- Nursing experience
- Teachers
- Other nurses
- CNO
- RPNAO
What is an ethical dilemma? - When there is no clear right choice, and all actions will
have good and bad outcomes
What is ethics? - The philosophical study of morality is the systematic exploration of
what is morally right or morally wrong
CNO: The Code of Conduct (6) - 1. Nurses respect the dignity of patients and treat them
as individuals
2. Nurses work together to promote patient well-being
3. Nurses maintain patients' trust by providing safe and competent care
, 4. Nurses work respectfully with colleagues to best meet patients' needs
5. Nurses act with integrity to maintain patient's trust
6. Nurses maintain public confidence in the nursing profession
Rationality is - notion of thinking and reasoning.
Ethical Theory - is the study of the nature and justification of general ethical principles
that can be applied to moral problems
Biomedical Ethics - explores ethical questions and moral issues associated with health
care.
What is morality? - is the tradition of beliefs and norms within a culture or society about
right or wrong human conduct.
Descriptive Ethics is - is a field of ethics that encompasses factual descriptions and
explanations of moral behaviors and beliefs
Metaethics - field of ethics that analyzes the meanings of such key terms as right,
obligation, good, and virtue and attempts to distinguish between what is moral and what
is not—for example, the difference between a moral rule and a social rule.
Virtues - That guide morality and to provide coherent, systematic, and justifiable
answers to moral questions
Moral Distress is - results when we are not able to recognize ethical issues or to deal
effectively with them.
Relativism - the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture,
society, or historical context, and are not absolute.
Deontological Theories - theories make explicit the duties and principles that should
guide our actions
Who is behind deontology? - Immanuel Kant
Maxims determine what - our duty
logical principles based on reason
Once we determine what a maxims is - referred to 'categorical imperative' the rule has
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