WGU Educational Psychology exam with complete solutions

What is working memory (sometimes known as short-term memory)? It actively processes a small amount of information, typically holding it for less than a minute. What is positive reinforcement? Reinforcement consists of getting something a learner finds desirable. What is metacognition? Thinking about thinking What is an accurate comparison between behaviorist and social cognitive theories of learning. social cognitive theorists propose that reinforcement affects observers as well as the individuals actually being reinforced. In what way does self-efficacy differ from the term self-concept? self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed The term negative reinforcement can best be described as a situation in which: Something the learner doesn't want is taken away after a response - No homework after doing well on an exam - Car chiming until you put your seatbelt on Ms. O'Connor reinforces James every time she sees him reading independently. Once he is reading frequently, she begins to reinforce him only every second time, then only every third time, and so on, gradually reinforcing him less and less often. From a behaviorist perspective, we can predict Jimmy will: Continue to read independently Which one of the following statements best characterizes ho reinforement of incompatible behavior can help reduce inappropriate behavior in the classroom? An undesirable behavior will decrease when a student is reinforced for a behavior in an opposite manner Social cognitive theory can best be characterized as being concerned with learning: through observations of others One characteristic common to all behavorist learning theories is an emphasis on: the effect of the environment on learning Which one of the following statements best describes positive reinforcement? Reinforcement consists of getting something a learner wants. If we want to enhance students' metacognitive processes during problem solving, we would be most likely to: suggest questions that students might ask themselves as they work on problems. Which one of the following is the best illustration of metacognition? Dolly is studying for a history test. She knows that she has trouble with dates, so she checks herself by giving herself a short quiz after each chapter. Criterion-Referenced Assessment - Helps to figure out whether of not the teaching and students' learning meet the international goals and the content area standards for the covered material. - assess strengths and weaknesses of students' understanding - Focus is on standards Which one of the following eamples illustrates informal assessment? observing how students handle the ball as they play soccer in gym class Which one of the following is the best example of performance assessment having students do as many push-ups as they can by encouraging students to evaluate their own performance during assessment activities we are most likely to: promote self-regulation Which one of the following is a legitimate concern about the use of performance assessment? its reliability and content validitly are sometimes questionable. Which of the following students show motivation consistent with theoretical views of self worth? Monica doesn't read the comments her teacher has written on her research paper because she suspects that they're not very flattering. which one of the following statements best describes motivation theorists' concept of sense of self-determination? Believing that you have some choice about what you do. Norm-Referenced Assessment - Individual performance - In your music class the teacher decides on chair order by having your whole trumpet section play the same piece and then evaluates their quality relative to the other students. - Top 10% of your class in order to get into a certain college Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of informal assessment informal assesment is valid Ms. Smith's 7th grade language arts class has a reading chart on the wall to chart how mny books they read during the month of december. If they read 3 books each, the class as a wholewill receive a movie day where they get to choose a movie. What type of motivation is this classified as? Extrinisic motivation The cognitive theory of motivation that one fo the congnitions that affect motivation is goals. Out of the four types of goals, which of these scenarios best illustrates a mastery approach? Sam loves playing football, but for some reason he just can't seem to throw that perfect spiral. After many attempts he asks his dad for tips and suggestions on how to throw a great pass since his dad played football throughout his younger years "My parents are proud of my academic achievements and peers look up to classmates who are part of a team or club. It means a lot to me that i graduate with a perfect GPA and I hope to be valedictorian" Which type of goal does this indicate? Performance-approach goal Anthony is a seventh grade student who is struggling to be motivated in his science class. Which of the following theories regarding Anthony's lack of motivation exhibits a cognitive theoretical approach? "Anthony's teacher should present him with choices, allowing him some control over his activities. His intrinsic motivation to learn will increase if he is granted a sense of autonomy and self-determination" what is a good way to enhance student's sense of self determination? give students opportunites to make choices What is an example of Erikson's state of identity versus role confusion? Craig is trying to decide what career he wants to pursue. Many cognitive psychologists believe that learning and understanding are often constructive in nature. Three of the following scenarios illustrate such construction. Which scenario does not neccessarily involve construction in learning? Mr. McFarland asks his third graders to practice their multiplication tables every day. After a month of such practice, Misty can retrieve all the basic multiplication facts quickly and easily. Which one of the following is the best example of Piaget's concept of assimilation? A kindergartner uses a white crayon instead of chalk to draw on the blackboard According to Erik Erikson, students' ability to trust those around them intially stems from: Experiences with adults during infancy Which one of the following best describes Piaget's notion of equilibration? A child revises existing schemes to incorporate new information Which one of the following statements best characterized cognitive psychology's approach to learning? Students's learning is a function of what they do mentally, with the info they receive Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation? Donna reviese her understanding of what clouds are like wen she studies them in science Which one of the following states best describes Piaget's view of how children acquire knowledge about the world? Children actively construct their own view of the world from their experiences with the enviornment Which one of the following individuals is in Kohlberg's social contract stage of moral reasoning? Barbara obeys the teacher because she understands that the only way schools can run smoothly is if students behave appropriately Which one of the following is asociated with Piaget's concrete operations stage? Awareness that other peoples thoughts might differ from one's own Which one of the following statements best characterizes working memory(sometimes known as short term memory)? It actively processes a small amount of info, typically holding it for less than a minute Jules is discovering that by being able to write all his letters, he is winning the approval of his teacher. Without knowing anything else about Jules, the best guess is that he is in Erikson's state of industry versus inferiority Piaget's sensorimotor state is characterized by schemes based primarily on perceptions and behaviors Vygotsky's concept of zone of proximal development refers to: the range of tasks children can accomplish only with support Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb, "we only know the worth of water when the well is dry" From a Vygotskian perspective, scaffolding serves what purpose in instruction? it supports students as they perform difficult tasks from Piage'ts perspective, children are: eager to interact with and make sense of their world In Piaget's theory a scheme can best be described as an organized set of similar thoughts of actions What learning theory did Albert Bandura come up with? Observational Learning Theory-- Behavior can be learned through observation of others. What learning theory did Jerome Bruner come up with? Constructivist Theory-- Individuals actively construct knowledge by comparing new ideas or concepts with their current knowledge (schema or mental models). What learning style does John Dewey believe in? Learning by Doing-- Learning occurs through experience. What are the developmental stages according to Jean Piaget? Developmental stages of child development: 0-2 years: "sensorimotor" - motor development 3-7 years: "preoperation" - intuitive 8-11 years: "concrete operational" - logical, but non-abstract 12-15 years: "formal operations" - abstract thinking What does Lev Vygotsky believe? Social Development Theory and ZPD-- Social interaction is critical for cognitive development. Related to this is the idea of a "Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)." Some skills, an individual can perform independently. Other skills can be performed if the individual has assistance. Skills that can be performed with assistance are said to be within an individual's ZPD. The ZPD is the theoretical basis for scaffolding. What are Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences? Each individual possesses seven distinct and measurable forms of intelligence: 1. linguistic, 2. logical-mathematical, spatial, body-kinesthetic, musical, 6. intrapersonal - handing feelings in a stressful situation 7. interpersonal. What are Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? Hierarchy of Needs -- Humans naturally strive to satisfy needs. The five levels of needs, from lowest to highest, are: physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization. Lower level needs must be satisfied before the individual can move on to satisfy higher level needs. What learning behavior did B.F. Skinner develop? Operant Conditioning (Behaviorism)-- Learning is the result of changes in behavior. As stimulus-response cycles are reinforced, individuals are "conditioned" to respond. Distinguished from Connectionism because individuals can initiate responses, not merely respond to stimuli. What are Erik Erikson's 8 Stages of Development? Erikson's "Eight Stages of Man" describes a series of crises individuals pass through at different ages. The stages begin with "trust versus mistrust" in infancy and continue through a series of paired outcomes for each age through older adulthood. 1. Trust v. Mistrust 2. Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt 3. Initiative v. Guilt 4. Industry v. Inferiority 5. Identity v. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy v. Isolation What are Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development? Pre-Conventional - based on self-centered interests - Obedience & Punishment Orientation - Instrumental Conventional - based on conformity to local expectations - Good boy/Nice Girl - Law & Order Post-Conventional - based on higher principles - Social Contract - Universal/Ethical/Principle Who came up with the Social Development Theory? Vygotsky What are Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages? 1. Trust Versus Mistrust (Birth to One Year) 2. Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt (Two to Three Years; Preschool) 3. Initiative Versus Guilt (Four to Five Years; Preschool to Kindergarten) 4. Industry Versus Inferiority (Six to Eleven Years; Elementary to Middle School) 5. Identity Versus Role Confusion (Twelve to Eighteen Years; Middle Through High School) 6. Intimacy Versus Isolation (Young Adulthood) 7. Generativity Versus Stagnation (Middle Age) 8. Integrity Versus Despair (Old Age) What are Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning? Level 1: preconventional morality (up to 9) stage 1: punishment- obedience orientation stage 2: instrumental relativist orientation Level 2: conventional morality (9-20) stage 3: good boy-nice girl orientation stage 4: law and order orientation Level 3: postconventional morality (20 an older) **only reached by small number of adults stage 5: social contract orientation stage 6: universal ethical principle orientation equilibration (Piaget) organize their schemes to achieve the best possible adaptation to their environment. constructivism (Piaget) process of creating knowledge to solve a problem and eliminate a disequilibrium What are Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development? Sensorimotor (birth-2): senses and motor activity, object permanence Preoperational (2-7): conserve and decenter, not capable of operations and unable to mentally reverse actions. Concrete Operational (7-11): Capable of operations but solves problems by generalizing from concrete experiences. Not able to manipulate conditions mentally unless they have been experienced. Formal Operational (12 and older): Able to deal with abstractions, form hypotheses, solve problems systematically, engage in mental manipulations. What is the Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky) the difference between what a child can do on his own and what can be accomplished with some assistance What is operant conditioning? voluntary response strengthened or weakened by consequences that follow Who developed the Behavioral Learning Theory? B.F. Skinner operant conditioning What is the Constructivist Learning Theory? meaningful learning occurs when people use existing knowledge schemes and the viewpoints of others to interpret the world around them. - Students are an active part of the learning and assessing - Focus on peer learning - Role-playing is an example - Interactive lesson (Students attend an art fair and write about their interpretations of the meaning of various works of art) - Group projects - Students share views in discussion - Earning classroom bucks - Scaffolding intrinsic motivation occurs when the learner does something to experience inherently satisfying results extrinsic motivation occurs when the learner does something to earn external rewards Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs, including what needs may be found on which levels. Top to bottom of the triangle self-actualization (max. ones potential) esteem (respect) belongingness and love (acceptance, affection) safety (nurturance, money) physiological (food, water) self-actualization- growth need other four- deficiency needs instructional objectives specify the kinds of observable and measurable student behaviors that make it possible for the underlying goals to be achieved What is direct instruction? behavioral approach focus on learning basic skills, teacher makes all decisions, keep students on-task, provide opportunities for practice, give feedback also called teacher-directed and teacher-led instruction - best for reading and writing skills components or direct instruction orientation, presentation, structured practice, guided practice, independent practice. What is Cooperative learning? - Focus is on the end product/result - Students of mixed abilities are grouped together - Lesson is teacher-led social approach to learning students working together to accomplish shared goals group goals/positive interdependence group heterogeneity promotive interaction individual accountability interpersonal skills equal opportunity to success team competition what is assessment? , collecting information about how much knowledge and skill students have learned (measurement), and then making judgments about the adequacy or acceptability of each student's level of learning (evaluation) love and belonging Mr. Jackson's 5th grade Language Arts students created posters for a book they had read in class. After the posters were finished, Mr. Jackson hung the posters on the wall for all of the class to see. According to Maslow, hanging the posters on the wall would fulfill which need? adolescence Samuel loves playing on his travel soccer team. Samuel is operating at which stage of physical development? infancy early childhood middle childhood adolescence Preschoolers In her class, Miss Sarah makes sure to provide her students with a diverse set of play stations. These stations include puzzles, blocks, hula-hoops, and crafts which all help build her students' fine motor skills. Based on the stations, Miss Sarah's students are at which stage of physical development? toddlers (1-2 years) toddlers (2-3 years) preschoolers (3-5 years) middle childhood (6-8 years) Early Childhood A child has just learned to print her name. The child is in which stage of physical development? infancy early childhood middle childhood adolescence Focusing on themselves; going back and forth between high expectations and lack of confidence. Developmental milestones for young teens (12-14) include a. starting to form stronger friendships, especially of the same sex b. becoming more independent, beginning to focus more on adults and children outside the family. c. learning better ways to describe their experiences and talk about thoughts and feelings. d. focusing on themselves; going back and forth between high expectations and lack of confidence. Middle Childhood LaTonya is learning to sew and is becoming quite good at it. LaTonya is most likely working at which stage of physical development? preschool early childhood middle childhood adolescence c. A 9th-grade history teacher is working with students on a unit related to the Civil War. Which activity would most challenge their cognitive abilities, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?Single choice.(0/1 Point) a. having the class create a timeline of the civil war, identifying key dates and events on a large poster b. asking students to recite sections of the Gettysburg Address from memory, and explain what each section means c. assigning students to create a monologue for a hypothetical character who lived during the Civil War times d. dividing students into small groups, and having them create storyboards of key events in the war B. Which of the following best reflects the concept of scaffolding? A. Students are required to retake tests or work on papers until a minimum passing grade is achieved. B. The teacher breaks a large project down into smaller pieces and provides an outline to students. Students are asked to write a summary of the previous day's lesson. The teacher begins each lesson with five minutes of drill-and practice exercises. C. According to Piaget, all but which of the following are characteristics of children in preschool and primary grades (i.e., between the ages of two and seven)? A. They are unable to understand the concept of conservation of mass. B. They are learning about symbols such as letters and numbers. C. They are able to think logically. They begin to understand other children's point of view. Formal Operational Mr. Mustard's middle school science class is working on science fair projects. Billy has elected to do his project on how many types of germs may be found on surfaces in the school cafeteria. He has already created a hypothesis about the types of germs he is likely to find. Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development does this represent?Single choice.(0/1 Point) sensorimotor formal operational concrete operational preoperational B. Which of the following strategies would exemplify scaffolding, based on Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development? giving students drills to help them memorize the steps to solving problems B. giving students hints or asking leading questions to help them solve problems giving students time to work in small groups to solve problems giving students the opportunity to connect new concepts to existing schemes to solve problems C. An example of assimilation is a child who has only experienced dogs as family pets. On first seeing a cat, the child asks, "What is that, Mommy?" the child asks, "Is that a doggie?" C. the child exclaims, "Look at the little doggie, Mommy!" the child exclaims, "That's a kitty!" Industry vs. Inferiority Shanna feels inadequate in her 2nd grade classroom. The majority of her classmates seem to have made friends easily, and sit together at lunch. She is shy and hasn't made friends, so she sits in the lunchroom alone. Which stage of Erikson's development is Shanna likely in? Trust vs. Mistruct Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Industry vs. Inferiority Intimacy vs. Isolation Intimacy vs. Isolation Dave was married for 15 years, now he's recently divorced. His youngest son is struggling with math in school; he has a hard time processing numbers sometimes. Dave finds it difficult to help his son because he is reeling from the loneliness of the divorce. Davis likely in which of Erikson's stage? Trust vs Mistrust Intimacy vs. Isolation Identity vs. Role Confusion Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Kohlberg The Heinz Dilemma was created by which of these theorists? Gilligan Erikson Bandura Kohlberg Conventional Rose is learning to drive and ALWAYS follows the speed limit guidelines. According to Kohlberg, she is in which level of moral development? Social Contract Postconventional Conventional Preconventional Preconventional Michael knows that if he doesn't behave well in school he will not be able to play his PlayStation in the evenings after school. According to Kohlberg, which is likely his current level of moral development? Preconventional Postconventional Unconventional Conventional Middle Childhood At what time of life does Erikson stage Industry vs. Inferiority occur? old age adolescence infancy middle childhood Intimacy vs. Isolation Lillian, a recent high-school graduate, has made the commitment to spend the summer helping her younger sister learn how to play soccer rather than going on a road trip with friends. Lillian is in which psychosocial stage of development? Trust vs. Mistrust Intimacy vs. Isolation Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Ethics of Care What is the focus of Carol Gilligan's theory of moral development? law and order universal principles ethics of care social contract 1-2 Years At what age can a child be expected to point to body parts and to point to or name pictures in books? 1-2 years 2-3 years 3-4 years 4-5 years Language Acquisition Device According to Chomsky, being born with the ability to learn language innately and instinctively without any formal instruction is due to: Shaping Universal grammar Prompting Language Acquisition Device Chomsky Which theorist believed that language is biological and that we have a Language Acquisition Device that enables us to learn language? Chomsky Skinner Vygotsky Piaget Shaping A kindergarten teacher is working with her class on basic vocabulary words. First, she teaches the sounds to the letters of the alphabet by having students repeat after her. She praises them when they repeat correctly. Then she has students write out the letters of each word to practice, and reinforces their correct answers. Finally, she has the students repeat the words after her and offers praise for each correct response. Which principle of operant conditioning is the teacher using? Prompting Shaping Imitation Repetition 4-5 Years At what age can children be expected to understand words of order and time and to use sentences that have more than one action word? 1-2 years 2-3 years 3-4 years 4-5 years 3-4 Years 16.At what age can a child be expected to ask and answer simple questions and use pronouns, plurals, and rhyming words?Single choice.(0/1 Point) 1-2 years 2-3 years 3-4 years 4-5 years Express their opinions 19.Children between the ages of 8-10 years can be expected to:Single choice.(0/1 Point) Tell a story Make jokes or tease others Express their opinions Use figurative language See 30 more Add or remove terms