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MEDSURG TEST 1: CARDIOVASCULAR questions well answered rated A+
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MEDSURG TEST 1: CARDIOVASCULAR questions well answered rated A+
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MEDSURG TEST 1: CARDIOVASCULARCardiac Output (CO) - correct answer ✔✔amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle per minute
4-7L/min - correct answer ✔✔what is the normal cardiac output
Ejection Fraction - correct answer ✔✔this is different than the cardiac output that will tell us the
percentage of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction
65% - correct answer ✔✔what is the average ejection fraction
echocardiogram and left sided catheterization - correct answer ✔✔where are some places you can find
the ejection fraction
Arterial System - correct answer ✔✔this system delivers oxygenated blood and nourishment and
transport cellular waste to the kidneys and lungs
Blood pressure - correct answer ✔✔the force of blood exerted against the vessel walls
Venous system - correct answer ✔✔this system returns deoxygenated blood from the capillaries and
veins to the right side of the heart and they have the ability to accommodate large shifts in volume with
minimal changes in pressure
preload think volume (what the heart has to pump) and afterload think resistance (what the ventricles
must overcome to eject blood - correct answer ✔✔what word comes to mind with "preload" and
afterload"
**tobacco use
,physical inactivity, obesity (BMI greater than 30), diet that is high in fat and cholesterol, and
hyperlipidemia - correct answer ✔✔what are some modifiable risk factors to CV problems
age, gender, ethnicity, family history, chronic diseases like hypertension and diabetes, psychological
factors like stress and genetic disposition - correct answer ✔✔what are some non-modifiable risk factors
to CV problems
pain or discomfort, dyspnea, orthopnea, nocturnal dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, nausea, weight
gain/edema, syncope and intermittent claudication (pain when you are walking, mostly in the calves and
the pain subsides when in rest - correct answer ✔✔what are some things you might assess for when a
patient has CV problems. ask them, what brings you in today?
general appearance, skin (it is warm, cold, clammy?), extremities, vital sights (BP, HR, RR), jugular vein
distention, arterial pulses and auscultation of carotid arteries and aorta - correct answer ✔✔what are
some things included in the physical assessment when a patient has CV problems
Arteriosclerosis - correct answer ✔✔hardening of the arterial walls
Atherosclerosis - correct answer ✔✔plaque formation within the arterial walls
1. occurs due to inflammation within the vessels
2. collagen fibers and fatty deposits form
3. plaque becomes calcified and unstable
4. unstable plaque ruptures causing platelets to adhere resulting in thrombus formation - correct answer
✔✔describe how plaque forms and how that can lead to atherosclerosis
less than 200 - correct answer ✔✔what is the normal range for triglycerides
- LDLs are low-density lipoproteins and they are lowsy because they easily get attached to artery walls
and can lead to build up of cholesterol. so you want these to be low (less than 130)
- HDLs are high density lipoproteins and they are "happy" because they facilitate in the removal of excess
cholesterol and you want these to be high (greater than 45 for males and 55 for females) - correct
answer ✔✔what are LDLs and HDL
, - diet low in fat, low in cholesterol, and high in fruits and vegetables and whole grains
- moderate exercise at least 30min 3-4 times a week - correct answer ✔✔before giving medications for
hyperlipidemia, what are some lifestyle changes we should encourage first
- fish oil (decreases inflammation and plaque)
- Niacin (helps reduce LDLs)
- Statins (like Lovastatin that reduces total cholesterol)
- PSCK9 inhibitors like Alirocumab (last resort med) - correct answer ✔✔what are some medications that
are recommended for hyperlipidemia
Zetia inhibits the absorption of cholesterol through the small intestines so some adverse effects are fatty
stools, abdominal cramping, bloating and rhabdomyolysis - correct answer ✔✔what are some side
effects of a patient taking Ezetimibe (Zetia) for hyperlipidemia
contraindications are patients with liver disease (b/c statins are metabolized by the liver) and in
pregnancy.
** need to also report muscle cramping and body aches
- should take and bedtime and need to avoid grapefruit juice - correct answer ✔✔what are some
contraindications and nursing implications for statins and what should be reported due to the adverse
effect of rhabdomyolysis
TROPONIN which is released when damage there is damage to the myocardial cells - correct answer
✔✔what is the preferred gold standard biomarker for a MI
creatine kinase - correct answer ✔✔what lab test is enzyme specific to the breakdown of myocardium
and skeletal muscles
Rhabdomyolysis - correct answer ✔✔the creatine kinase would be elevated if the patient had what
going on (think adverse effect)
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