3. In-Depth Human Endocrine System Notes :
Understand the intricacies of the human endocrine system with these highly organized notes. Each gland and hormone is explained with its function and regulatory mechanisms, making these notes essential for mastering physiology.
Features:
Detailed ex...
A slow, prolonged process of communicating information throughout the
body by way of chemicals called hormones. A variety of hormones are
secreted by special glands or tissue called endocrine glands. The
endocrine system works with the nervous system.
WHAT IS A HORMONE
A hormone is an organic chemical substance, usually a protein but
sometimes a steroid, secreted by an endocrine gland and carried in the
blood stream to its target organ/s where it regulates metabolic reactions.
Hormones do not last long in the body as they are broken down by
enzymes.
WHAT IS A TARGET ORGAN
Although hormones are carried in the blood throughout the body, they
only affect certain cells. The specific cells that respond to a given
hormone have receptor sites for that hormone. These cells are known as
target tissue or target organs. They can be a single gland or organ or
scattered throughout the body.
WHAT IS AN ENDOCRINE GLAND
A vascular, ductless gland that secretes hormones which are carried in the
bloodstream to their target organs.
*vascular= richly supplied with blood vessels
,ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLANDS
The secretions of an exocrine gland are carried in ducts to where they
are needed eg: salivary glands, liver, pancreas
Endocrine glands do not have ducts and their secretions are carried in
the bloodstream
to their target organs.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN THE BODY
, HYPOTHALAMUS
The hypothalamus is part of the brain, situated above the pituitary gland.
It secretes, amongst others, the hormone ADH [anti-diuretic hormone]
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF ADH
Osmoreceptors in the blood vessels of hypothalamus detect an increase in
the osmolarity [low water levels] of the blood. The hypothalamus
responds and releases ADH.
ADH helps to conserve water if the body is dehydrated. It does this by
causing more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood from the
collecting ducts of the kidney, so less water is lost in urine.
PITUITARY GLAND
Acts as the chemical coordinator of most of the
other endocrine glands and is therefore often
called the “master gland”.
It is attached to the hypothalamus at the base of
the brain by a short stalk. Also called
“hypophysis”.
WHAT HORMONES ARE SECRETED BY THE PITUITARY
1. Thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], which stimulates the
thyroid gland to secrete its hormone, thyroxin.
2. Follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], in females FSH stimulates
oogenesis in the ovary i.e.: the formation of eggs (ova). In males
FSH stimulates spermatogenesis in the testes i.e.: sperm formation
3. Luteinizing hormone [LH], which stimulates ovulation [release of
an egg] from the ovary and the formation of the corpus luteum.
4. Prolactin, which stimulates the production of milk in the female
mammary glands after the birth of a baby. This will continue for as
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