Understanding molecular geometries is essential in general chemistry for predicting how atoms are arranged in a molecule, influencing its properties and reactions. Using models like VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion), students can predict the three-dimensional shapes of molecules based o...
chapter8-redtonfloleculo.ir Geometries
Planar relating toorintheformofa
- plane steric # → 2 [ AX ,
→ linear • m
formula and sequence
stereoisomers molecules have
the same molecular -
orientations of their coz HCN Beclz , ,
in the 3 dimensional
Of bonded atoms , but differ N
Axz
(
atoms in space → Trigonal planar
Ofa
model physical representation
graphic 5oz BF-z.NO-z.CO}
a or
-
-
m w
space filling molecular that have diameters
steric # → 3
,
partial spheres
molecule
Proportional
in which the
to those of the
atoms are
real atoms and that are joined directly to
one
gl lone pair
AXZE → bent ; bond
angle a bit less than 120° ( coulombs law ; repulsion)
another
502,03 Pbxz ,SnXz (where ✗ is a halogen)
•
w
,
where atoms
three dimensional models
ball and stick molecular model
-
are represented
- -
colors and bonds
on
represented by
are spheres of different 109.5°
→ tetrahedral bond
Axy angles of
by sticks between the spheres
silty ,CH4 SO} ,_ ,
a
having a valence of 4
cloj.TO?-,XeO4
on
tetravalent -
an
structural chemistry deals with spatial structures of molecules 11h lone pair
the
-
1
gaseous liquidor solid state> and solids (
with extended structures
that
4 A×zE trigonal pyramidal
µ
→
Steric # →
-
,
cannot be subdivided Into molecules .
.
i.e.n.s.am
"
Valence shell electron pair repulsion LVSEPR) theory
- -
-
model used -10 predict 1-130-1 Xeoz ,
a
based the number of valence shell electron
bond
3- ☐ molecular geometry on on
a
m.am#ea-...nam.....n
if 2 lone pairs
equatorial
compared
vertex
with the
-
plane
bonds to
of the
non
ring
ring
atoms that make only a small angle ..
:*
of about 900-10 the ring H2O ,
OF, SFI
angles
,
axial vertex -
bonds to non ring
atoms with µ
Plane
out
anion or molecule
attached to a metal atom by coordinate bonding a.
ligand -
Axs → Trigonal bipryamld on
X) atom (E) non bonding valence
Axm En (A) central atom ( bonded
N
-
, ,
Pclg Asfg sofa
, ,
an
and mandn are integers
alone pair of electrons )
electron group ( usually
,
a
w
fl lone pair
steric number -
Steric number-_ (number of atoms
bonded -10 central atom ) ( +
number of / one pairs
on central atom )=m+n AXyE → seesaw
" " " " ""
W
"
"
④
pyramid square pyramidal contains 2
"
halogen
IOZFÉ
Inter halogen compound square
-
steric # → 5
>
,
atoms anno atoms of elements from any other group
2 lone pairs
# f
A×zEz
•
AXSE
AXE
3 AXZEZ → 1- shaped .
IF ,BrF CIF ICI lfz Brfz Clfz IFSIBRFS GIFs ⑨
Brfz
'
, ,
, ,
CIF} , an
Brcl ,1Br
①
compound whose molecule has the same number of atoms µ
Structural isomer another
-
bonds between them
logically distinct 3 lone pairs an
.
of each element , but with
AXZE ! → linear
Stereoisomer each of two or more compounds differing only in the spatial arrangement ⑤
I} IFL
-
of their atoms
Xefz ,
,
m
or
more compounds differing only
mthe arrangement
geometric
isomers -
each of two or
bond ring or other rigid
structure Axg → octahedral
with respect -10A double , , a
of groups SFG IOFG
,
m
ar
an
kinds of atoms ,
optical isomers two
-
compounds that contain the same number and
have non
atoms but which
-
a
and bonds , and different spatial arrangements of the ,
mirror Images
super imposable
.
an
chiral -
asymmetric; structure and its mirror lmagearenotsuperimposable £1 lone pair .
seen , # → c. ⇐ → sauarepryama .
.
,µ,
.
Ifs Te -55 , ✗ e. Ofa
reaction mechanism that leads to different stereo isomeric
stereospecific property of
,
- a
different stereo isomeric reactants , or operates only one Lora
reaction products from
subset) of the stereoisomers
2 lone pairs
§¥
f
bond dipoles cancel dipole
, out ; net is zero
; molecule is nonpolar AxyE, → square planar
a
XeF4 ICI -4 as
Bfz trigonal planar
, ←
µ
a
Pclg trigonal bipryamid
Cola, tetrahedral
MO's
SF
,
octahedral AO's
orbitals
Atoms have atomic orbitals ; molecules have molecular
bond dipoles DO NOT cancel
, out ; net dipole is zero
; molecule is polar
Brfz 1- shaped Iwavel? Cloud
OF , bent
✗_-
wave
*
*
atoms interact by combining electron waves cloud 1-18,1-1
NH
,
trigonal pryamld
CO2 contains polar bonds but is not a polar molecule
bond dipoles DO NOT cancel out ; net dipole NOT zero ; molecule is polar 0--0=0 C linear )
?⃝
?⃝ , is
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