3) Calories/Energy Expenditure:
- kcals = ((MET x 3.5 x kg) / 200) x T(min)
- kcals = ((VO2 (ml/kg/min) x kg) / 200) x T(min)
Bioenergetics - ✔️✔️- The chemical processes of converting food into energy
(glycolysis, citric acid cycle, etc.)
- Formation of ATP
*3 Pathways*:
1. ATP-PCr or Anaerobic Alactic System
2. Glycolysis or Anaerobic Lactic System or Substrate Level Phosphorylation
3. Aerobic System or Oxidative Phosphorylation or Cellular Respiration (Beta
Oxidation/Acetyl CoA, Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain)
ATP-PCr System (Anaerobic Alactic System) - ✔️✔️- *Exercise*: ATP + Cr --> ADP +
PCr
- *Rest* ADP + PCr --> ATP + Cr
- *Creatine Kinase* is the enzyme that catalysis the rephosphorylation of ADP to ATP at
rest
1. Gluconeogenesis
,2. Glycogenolysis
3. Glycolysis - ✔️✔️- The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as
lactate, glycerol or amino acids
- Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
- Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
Glycolysis Energy Investment Phase - ✔️✔️1. Glucose phosphorylated by ATP (ATP--
>ADP) producing an activated molecule Glucose-6-Phosphate(C6-P) (uses 1 ATP)
2. Rearranged to Fructose-6-Phosphate (C6-P);
Then a second phosphorylation giving you Fructose-1,6-B iphosphate (P-C6-P) (uses 1
ATP)
Catalyzed by phosphofructokinase
3. The 6-C molecule split into two 3-C G3P (C3-P) molecules
*Overall uses 2 ATP*
Glucose
Glucose-6-Phosphate - lose 1 ATP
Fructose-6-Phosphate
Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate - lose 1 ATP
2G3P (C3-P)
Glycolysis Energy Production Phase - ✔️✔️1. Oxidization (NAD-->NADH) then
phosphorylation giving you 2 higher energy BPG (P-C3-P) molecules (get 2 NADH)
2. Removal of phosphate groups by ADP (2ADP--> 2ATP) leaving 2 3PG (P-C3) (get 2
ATP)
3. Oxidization by removing H20 produces 2 high energy PEP (P-C3) molecules
4. Removal of phosphate groups by ADP (2ADP-->2ATP) gives you pyruvate (get 2
ATP and 2 pyruvate)
5. If O2 available it enters mitochondria for further breakdown
If not then it's converted to lactic acid then lactate which goes to liver to made back to
glucose
*Get 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH*
G3P
BPG - get 2 NADH
3PG - get 2 ATP
PEP - removed H20
Pyruvate - get 2 pyruvate
,Pyruvate Oxidation - ✔️✔️1. Pyruvate (3-C) goes to mitochondria from glycolysis
2. Carboxyl group snipped off released as CO2 leaving behind a 2-C molecule (Acetyl)
3. This molecule oxidized (NAD-->NADH) (2 NADH)
4. Acetyl attaches to CoA group making Acetyl CoA (2-C) (2 Acetyl-CoA)
2. Electron Transport Chain - ✔️✔️1. The 2 Acetyl CoA from pyruvate oxidized to
create 2 GTP (2 ATP), 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 (all comes from the one molecule of
glucose)
2. The NADH and FADH2 from Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA and the Citric Acid Cycle get
passed down the electron transport chain creating 2.5 ATP for every NADH and 1.5
ATP for every FADH2
- End result is formation of ATP and water. Water is formed by oxygen accepting
electrons; therefore, the reason we breathe O2 is to use as final acceptor of electrons in
aerobic metabolism
Metabolism - ✔️✔️Total energy expenditure of all cata/anabolic processes (bodies
ability to use fuel)
Measured by either direct (calorimetry chamber) or indirect (Douglas bag/metabolic
cart) calorimetry
Calorimetry = measure of energy expenditure (kcals = E to heat 1kg water 1°C)
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction - ✔️✔️- Are always *coupled reactions* (the energy
given off by the exergonic reaction powers the endergonic reaction)
- *Oxidation*: removing an electron
- *Reduction*: addition of an electron
- Often involve the *transfer of hydrogen atoms* rather than free electrons; hydrogen
atoms contain one electron and a molecule that loses a hydrogen atom loses an
electron and therefore is oxidized
How much total ATP generate from a single glucose molecule? - ✔️✔️*1. Glycolysis:*
, - 4 ATP - 2 ATP + 2 NADH = 7 ATP
*2. Acetyl CoA:*
- 2 NADH = 5 ATP
*3. Citric Acid Cycle:*
- 2 GTP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 = 20 ATP
*Total = 30-32 ATP* (don't always have 2 GTP?)
Beta Oxidation - ✔️✔️- Breaking down fat (triglycerides) for energy
- Triglyceride = 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids
1. TG breakdown to 3 fatty acids (16-C) (costs 1 ATP and 1 Acetyl CoA to start beta
oxidation)
2. Fatty acids chopped into 2-C fragments forming Acetyl CoA and leaving 14-C which
goes back to the start of beta oxidation (so 1 fatty acids = 8 Acetyl CoA)
3. Acetyl CoA enters Krebs Cycle and produces 1 GTP (1 ATP), 3 NADH, 1 FADH2
4. NADH and FADH go to ETC
Cori Cycle - ✔️✔️- Also called lactic acid cycle
- Lactic acid produced from glucose by skeletal muscle in glycolysis (glucose -->
pyruvate --> lactate) transported to the liver (gives 2 ATP during glycolysis)
- Liver converts lactate to glucose through gluconeogenesis (gluconeogenesis costs 6
ATP)
- Glucose can then be transported back to muscle and used as energy
- Waste of fuel because if lactate was metabolized aerobically would have generated 30
ATP (causes an increase in energy requirement of it happens during exericse)
How much total ATP generate from 1 triglyceride molecule? - ✔️✔️*1. Start Beta
Oxidation:*
- =-1 ATP
*2. Acetyl CoA*:
- 1 FADH2 + 1 NADH = 4 ATP
- 4 ATP x 7 Cycles = 28 ATP
*3. Citric Acid Cycle:*
- 1 GTP + 3 NADH + 1 FADH = 10 ATP
- 10 ATP x 8 Acetyl CoA = 80 ATP
*Total = 107 ATP from 1 FA*
*Total = 321 ATP from 1 TG*
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