FAD 3220 Test 3 Exam Questions and
Answers
Middle Adulthood: age - -Defined as between ages of 40 and 65 years old.
new phase of adulthood
- Middle Adulthood: aspects of aging - -Gradual changes of the body
become noticeable aspects of aging.
wrinkling, muscle tone, hair color can make middle adulthood harder
Signs of aging can be more difficult for those who tie their self-image and
self-esteem to physical attributes, such as strength, athleticism, or physical
attractiveness.
- Middle Adulthood: physical changes - --around age 55+, a loss of height
may occur as the bones attached the the spinal column become less dense
-body fat tends to increase in middle adulthood
-strength gradually decreases, particularly in back and leg muscles
-regular exercise can help adults counteract increases in body fat and
decreases in strength
- Middle Adulthood: physical changes: women - -women average a loss of 2
inches and men lose 1 inch over the life span
- Middle Adulthood: physical changes: men - -women more prone to a
decline because of osteoporosis (losing density in bones-lower calcium and
vitamin D in diet,don't participate in strength training)
- Middle Adulthood: physical changes: Use it or lose it principal - -more you
engage, more you can combat changes of aging
- Middle Adulthood: - --Most pronounced changes occur in vision and
hearing
- Middle Adulthood: Presbyopia - --age-related vision loss in near vision
(close vision)
-lens changes and elasticity deteriorates, which makes it hard to focus
images sharply onto the retina
-often reading glasses can correct this
- Middle Adulthood: Glaucoma - --a condition in which pressure in the fluid
of the eye increases, either because the fluid cannot drain properly or
because too much fluid is produced
-can cause tunnel vision, lead to blindness, affect peripheral vision
, - Middle Adulthood: Presbycusis - --gradual, age-related hearing loss
-normally limited to higher pitch sounds used in speech
-proceeds quicker in males than females
-compensate by listening to things louder, asking to speak louder
- Middle Adulthood: Presbycusis: Sound Localization - --People with hearing
loss may also have trouble identifying the direction and origin of a sound
EX: An example of sound localization is when you are driving and hear an
ambulance siren. You want to determine if it is coming near you so you can
stop your vehicle if it needs to pass you. Using your auditory perceptions you
can determine what direction the siren is coming from and that it is growing
fainter.
- Middle Adulthood: Sexual/Reproductive Issues - -Sexual enjoyment and
activity continues throughout adult life
- Middle Adulthood: Sexual/Reproductive Issues: Female Climacteric - -the
period that marks the transition from being able to bear children to being
unable to do so/signaled by menopause
- Middle Adulthood: Sexual/Reproductive Issues: Female Climacteric:
Menopause - --cessation of menstruation and of ability to bear children (45-
55).
-symptoms: hot flashes, changes in sexual desire, depression, moodiness,
tension
- Middle Adulthood: Sexual/Reproductive Issues: Female Climacteric:
Hormone Therapy - --estrogen and progesterone are administered
-at risk for cancer so doctors advised for more natural methods
(antidepressants)
-used to help counteract the effects of menopause
- Middle Adulthood: Sexual/Reproductive Issues: Male Climacteric: - --the
period of physical and psychological change relating to the male
reproductive system in late middle age
-declines in testosterone levels, lower sperm count, enlarged
prostate( frequent urination), erectile dysfunction
- Middle Adulthood: Physical Health - -most middle-aged adults report that
they are healthy, and suffer fewer common diseases (allergies, respiratory
diseases, infections) than younger adults
- Middle Adulthood: Physical Health: Common health problems - --
Hypertension: high -blood pressure
-cancer
-heart disease
,-diabetes
-arthritis
-people probably won't die from hypertension, heart disease, or diabetes
during middle adulthood, but can lead to it in later adulthood
- Middle Adulthood: Physical Health: Diseases - -heart disease and cancer
are most common
- Middle Adulthood: Physical Health: Diseases: Genetic and environmental
components for heart disease - --men are more likely to suffer from heart
disease
-risk rises with age
-cigarette smoking, a diet high in fats and cholesterol, lack of physical
exercise all increase risk
-stress (perceived and experienced) is a risk factor
-psychological factors like personality type (Type A vs. Type B)
- Middle Adulthood: Physical Health: Diseases:Genetic and environmental
components for cancer - --poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol use, exposure to
sunlight, exposure to radiation, and particular occupational hazards are all
risk factors
-mammograms for breast cancer should start at age 40
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development - -used to believe that cognitive
development and intelligence declined during middle age
-due to fact that they were using traditional intelligence tests to measure
intelligence in young adulthood and middle adulthood
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: cross sectional studies - -
(middle adults are looked at, at one point in time and compared to young
adults at one point in time) showed that older people scored lower than
younger people on intelligence tests
- suffers from cohort effects: influences associated with growing up at a
particular historical time that affect persons of a particular age
-different people, different ages
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: longitudinal studies - -(looked
at same thing except for instead of comparing middle aged people to
different younger people it compared those people when they were younger
then tested them again at multiple points in their lives- following the same
people over time) show that cognitive functioning stays the same or can
even increase through young and middle adulthood
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: longitudinal studies cont. - --
difficult for researchers to keep their samples intact
-same people, different ages
, - Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: Cont. - --this shows how we
measure and study things can give us a different picture, essentially
generally held belief cognitive function and intelligence can remain same
through young adulthood and middle adulthood
-significant losses may be a sign of individual issue/problems
-alzheimer's, substance abuse, dementia
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: Types of Intelligence: Fluid - --
applied to novel problems (new); independent of culture and education;
reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
-peak in young adulthood
-memorization of numbers, arrange a series of letters according to some rule
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: Types of Intelligence:
Crystallized - -ability to remember and use learned information to solve
problems; dependent on education and culture
-improves through middle age and older age
-Attempting to rely on past experience as a resource
-solving word problems, crossword puzzles, identifying a murder mystery
-feeds into expertise
Ex: someone who is solving a crossword puzzle or attempting to identify a
murderer in a murder mystery
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: Types of Intelligence:
crystallized vs. Fluid - -while fluid intelligence can decrease, crystallized can
increase
ex: grandmother has the ability to cook without recipes and can make foods
off the top of her head, and she knows how to fix it because she's been
cooking for 40+ years, so she can use her crystallized intelligence to solve
the problem.
- LOOK AT BOOK EXAMPLES (PAGE 370-371) - -Fluid intelligence- genetic
factors, crystallized intelligence- experiential and environmental factors
- Middle Adulthood: Adult Cognition: Selective optimization - --the process
by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for
losses in other areas
-perhaps people who are typists cannot type as fast in their middle age but
because they read ahead faster, they show the ability to be more proficient
in typing because they read ahead faster with what they're typing
-business executive may be slower to recall names, but he may have a
mental file of deals he has completed and be able to forge new agreements
easily because of it
Answers
Middle Adulthood: age - -Defined as between ages of 40 and 65 years old.
new phase of adulthood
- Middle Adulthood: aspects of aging - -Gradual changes of the body
become noticeable aspects of aging.
wrinkling, muscle tone, hair color can make middle adulthood harder
Signs of aging can be more difficult for those who tie their self-image and
self-esteem to physical attributes, such as strength, athleticism, or physical
attractiveness.
- Middle Adulthood: physical changes - --around age 55+, a loss of height
may occur as the bones attached the the spinal column become less dense
-body fat tends to increase in middle adulthood
-strength gradually decreases, particularly in back and leg muscles
-regular exercise can help adults counteract increases in body fat and
decreases in strength
- Middle Adulthood: physical changes: women - -women average a loss of 2
inches and men lose 1 inch over the life span
- Middle Adulthood: physical changes: men - -women more prone to a
decline because of osteoporosis (losing density in bones-lower calcium and
vitamin D in diet,don't participate in strength training)
- Middle Adulthood: physical changes: Use it or lose it principal - -more you
engage, more you can combat changes of aging
- Middle Adulthood: - --Most pronounced changes occur in vision and
hearing
- Middle Adulthood: Presbyopia - --age-related vision loss in near vision
(close vision)
-lens changes and elasticity deteriorates, which makes it hard to focus
images sharply onto the retina
-often reading glasses can correct this
- Middle Adulthood: Glaucoma - --a condition in which pressure in the fluid
of the eye increases, either because the fluid cannot drain properly or
because too much fluid is produced
-can cause tunnel vision, lead to blindness, affect peripheral vision
, - Middle Adulthood: Presbycusis - --gradual, age-related hearing loss
-normally limited to higher pitch sounds used in speech
-proceeds quicker in males than females
-compensate by listening to things louder, asking to speak louder
- Middle Adulthood: Presbycusis: Sound Localization - --People with hearing
loss may also have trouble identifying the direction and origin of a sound
EX: An example of sound localization is when you are driving and hear an
ambulance siren. You want to determine if it is coming near you so you can
stop your vehicle if it needs to pass you. Using your auditory perceptions you
can determine what direction the siren is coming from and that it is growing
fainter.
- Middle Adulthood: Sexual/Reproductive Issues - -Sexual enjoyment and
activity continues throughout adult life
- Middle Adulthood: Sexual/Reproductive Issues: Female Climacteric - -the
period that marks the transition from being able to bear children to being
unable to do so/signaled by menopause
- Middle Adulthood: Sexual/Reproductive Issues: Female Climacteric:
Menopause - --cessation of menstruation and of ability to bear children (45-
55).
-symptoms: hot flashes, changes in sexual desire, depression, moodiness,
tension
- Middle Adulthood: Sexual/Reproductive Issues: Female Climacteric:
Hormone Therapy - --estrogen and progesterone are administered
-at risk for cancer so doctors advised for more natural methods
(antidepressants)
-used to help counteract the effects of menopause
- Middle Adulthood: Sexual/Reproductive Issues: Male Climacteric: - --the
period of physical and psychological change relating to the male
reproductive system in late middle age
-declines in testosterone levels, lower sperm count, enlarged
prostate( frequent urination), erectile dysfunction
- Middle Adulthood: Physical Health - -most middle-aged adults report that
they are healthy, and suffer fewer common diseases (allergies, respiratory
diseases, infections) than younger adults
- Middle Adulthood: Physical Health: Common health problems - --
Hypertension: high -blood pressure
-cancer
-heart disease
,-diabetes
-arthritis
-people probably won't die from hypertension, heart disease, or diabetes
during middle adulthood, but can lead to it in later adulthood
- Middle Adulthood: Physical Health: Diseases - -heart disease and cancer
are most common
- Middle Adulthood: Physical Health: Diseases: Genetic and environmental
components for heart disease - --men are more likely to suffer from heart
disease
-risk rises with age
-cigarette smoking, a diet high in fats and cholesterol, lack of physical
exercise all increase risk
-stress (perceived and experienced) is a risk factor
-psychological factors like personality type (Type A vs. Type B)
- Middle Adulthood: Physical Health: Diseases:Genetic and environmental
components for cancer - --poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol use, exposure to
sunlight, exposure to radiation, and particular occupational hazards are all
risk factors
-mammograms for breast cancer should start at age 40
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development - -used to believe that cognitive
development and intelligence declined during middle age
-due to fact that they were using traditional intelligence tests to measure
intelligence in young adulthood and middle adulthood
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: cross sectional studies - -
(middle adults are looked at, at one point in time and compared to young
adults at one point in time) showed that older people scored lower than
younger people on intelligence tests
- suffers from cohort effects: influences associated with growing up at a
particular historical time that affect persons of a particular age
-different people, different ages
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: longitudinal studies - -(looked
at same thing except for instead of comparing middle aged people to
different younger people it compared those people when they were younger
then tested them again at multiple points in their lives- following the same
people over time) show that cognitive functioning stays the same or can
even increase through young and middle adulthood
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: longitudinal studies cont. - --
difficult for researchers to keep their samples intact
-same people, different ages
, - Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: Cont. - --this shows how we
measure and study things can give us a different picture, essentially
generally held belief cognitive function and intelligence can remain same
through young adulthood and middle adulthood
-significant losses may be a sign of individual issue/problems
-alzheimer's, substance abuse, dementia
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: Types of Intelligence: Fluid - --
applied to novel problems (new); independent of culture and education;
reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
-peak in young adulthood
-memorization of numbers, arrange a series of letters according to some rule
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: Types of Intelligence:
Crystallized - -ability to remember and use learned information to solve
problems; dependent on education and culture
-improves through middle age and older age
-Attempting to rely on past experience as a resource
-solving word problems, crossword puzzles, identifying a murder mystery
-feeds into expertise
Ex: someone who is solving a crossword puzzle or attempting to identify a
murderer in a murder mystery
- Middle Adulthood: Cognitive Development: Types of Intelligence:
crystallized vs. Fluid - -while fluid intelligence can decrease, crystallized can
increase
ex: grandmother has the ability to cook without recipes and can make foods
off the top of her head, and she knows how to fix it because she's been
cooking for 40+ years, so she can use her crystallized intelligence to solve
the problem.
- LOOK AT BOOK EXAMPLES (PAGE 370-371) - -Fluid intelligence- genetic
factors, crystallized intelligence- experiential and environmental factors
- Middle Adulthood: Adult Cognition: Selective optimization - --the process
by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for
losses in other areas
-perhaps people who are typists cannot type as fast in their middle age but
because they read ahead faster, they show the ability to be more proficient
in typing because they read ahead faster with what they're typing
-business executive may be slower to recall names, but he may have a
mental file of deals he has completed and be able to forge new agreements
easily because of it
