My lecture notes cover the entire class of PV and WPS and project management. This course was held by a professor with several years of practical experience in wind power plants in Japan.
Table of Contents
New Project Implementation: ................................................................................................................. 2
Developer Flow: most important for planning.................................................................................... 2
Step 1-4 (Predominantly for PV) ......................................................................................................... 2
Differences to Wind projects: ............................................................................................................. 2
Most important parameter for project development......................................................................... 3
Technical Components: ........................................................................................................................... 3
PV - Solar Modules .............................................................................................................................. 3
Mounting system................................................................................................................................. 4
Shading condition PV........................................................................................................................... 5
Inverter ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Central Inverter vs String inverter ................................................................................................... 5
Power Optimiser (series connection) .............................................................................................. 5
Sensors of PV ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Solar PV Monitoring ................................................................................................................................ 7
What happened here – Practical examples for different scenarios .................................................... 7
Market situation .................................................................................................................................. 8
Wind energy production ..................................................................................................................... 8
Wind classes according to IEC 61400 .................................................................................................. 9
EPC – What to consider: ........................................................................................................................ 10
due diligence process: ....................................................................................................................... 10
Liquidated Damages .......................................................................................................................... 10
Essential Equations for calculation (with Examples) ............................................................................. 13
Specific Yield ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Capacity factor................................................................................................................................... 13
Performance Ratio............................................................................................................................. 13
Self-consumption rate ....................................................................................................................... 13
Self-production rate .......................................................................................................................... 13
Expected energy of power plant ....................................................................................................... 13
PR check with EPC ............................................................................................................................. 13
Inverter size: ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Reflection questions .............................................................................................................................. 15
Additional questions: ............................................................................................................................ 16
1
,Summary PV + Wind Summer semester 2020
New Project Implementation:
Developer Flow: most important for planning
Steps from Greenfield to plant
1. Site identification: identify potential spots, money for project, rough concept of design
2. Pre-feasibility: evaluate technical options, estimate costs, assess market and permits needed
3. Feasibility: technical and financial check of chosen option, start permission process
4. Financing / Contracts: permits, contracts, select supplier, finance project
5. Detailed Design: detailed design, project schedule, finalise permissions
6. Construction: build and supervise
7. Commission: test and check
Step 1-4 (Predominantly for PV)
Power Purchasing Agreement needed!! basis to go to bank and get funding (PPA)
no PPA-> no loan granted -> no project = not good!!
site inspection = feasibility with respect to technical and financial issues = check with solar-
atlas data
make sure to get all permissions of land, secure land even under transmission lines,
(connection to substations required)
distinguish between roof and land PV
use phases to monitor project (milestone / gate model) – be able to continue or stop project
depending on the fulfilment of the milestones (sometimes just not worth continuing work)
Differences to Wind projects:
EISA / EIA takes up to 2-3 years and adds extra layers of costs
additional data collection through mat masts (in case of new wind parks)
>1-year simulation needed to evaluate spatial energy potential, displayed in bins over
frequency (bell curve)
Several sensors at different heights = wind speed + wind direction
High variation throughout the year
Wind shear + surface roughness (coefficient)
2
, Summary PV + Wind Summer semester 2020
Green Field to wind farm development
Most important parameter for project development
Annual Energy Production (AEP) = how much energy as quantity
Power Purchasing Agreement (PPA) = how do we get paid for how long (price, duration)
important for banks = CENTRAL DOCUMENT TO START THE PROJECT
CAPEX = How much does it cost to install it, capital expenditures
OPEX= how much does it cost to run it, operational expenditures
Technical Components:
PV - Solar Modules
Module technology shifts towards n-type (PERC) modules
3
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