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Fundamenten van de Psychologie | Samenvatting H1-H7 (behalve H2) $5.97   Add to cart

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Fundamenten van de Psychologie | Samenvatting H1-H7 (behalve H2)

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Dit document bevat een samenvatting van het boek Fundamenten van de Psychologie H1, H3, H4, H5, H6 en H7. Dit vak wordt gegeven in het eerste deel van de minor Inleiding in de Toegepaste Psychologie aan de Hogeschool Utrecht. Ik upload telkens een bijgewerkt bestand met nieuwe samengevatte hoofdstu...

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Fundamenten van de Psychologie
Samenvatting


Hogeschool van Utrecht
Minor Toegepaste Psychologie
Jaar 3 – Blok 3

,Inhoud
1. Wat is psychologie?............................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 Een definitie van psychologie........................................................................................................ 5
1.2 Ontwikkelingen die de psychologie mogelijk gemaakt hebben......................................................5
Rede, intuïtie en geloof.................................................................................................................... 5
De wetenschappelijke revolutie....................................................................................................... 6
De evolutietheorie............................................................................................................................ 8
1.4 De moderne psychologie: drie invloeden op het gedrag.............................................................13
Het biopsychosociale model.......................................................................................................... 13
Voorbeeld agressie (zie boek)........................................................................................................... 13
1.6 De plaats van de psychologie in de samenleving........................................................................13
De psychologisering van de maatschappij.....................................................................................13
Het beeld van de psycholoog........................................................................................................ 14
Psychologen in het beroepenveld.................................................................................................. 14
3. De waarneming................................................................................................................................. 15
3.1 Een definitie van psychologie...................................................................................................... 15
Het verschil tussen gewaarwording en waarneming......................................................................15
Waarneming is een actief proces.................................................................................................. 15
Illusies als venster op de onderliggende mechanismen................................................................17
3.2 Van de retina naar de hersenen: bottom-upprocessen...............................................................17
De primaire schets......................................................................................................................... 17
Perceptuele organisatie................................................................................................................. 17
Patroon- en objectherkenning........................................................................................................ 18
3.3 De perceptie verbeteren door de informatieopname te sturen: top-downprocessen...................19
Evidentie voor top-downinvloeden................................................................................................. 19
3.4 Waarneming van diepte en beweging......................................................................................... 20
De waarneming van diepte............................................................................................................ 20
De waarneming van beelden......................................................................................................... 21
3.5 Waarneming van actie................................................................................................................ 22
3.6 Perceptuele capaciteiten van pasgeborenen..............................................................................22
4. Conditionering................................................................................................................................... 25
4.1 Klassieke conditionering.............................................................................................................. 25
De inzichten van Pavlov................................................................................................................ 25
De behavioristische interpretatie en problemen hiermee...............................................................26
Klassieke conditionering bij mensen.............................................................................................. 27
Thorndicke en Skinner................................................................................................................... 28
Bekrachtiging................................................................................................................................. 28
Straf............................................................................................................................................... 29
Waarom is straf dikwijls niet effectief?........................................................................................... 29

, Vermijdingsleren en aangeleerde hulpeloosheid...........................................................................29
4.3 Observerend leren...................................................................................................................... 30
Angst en agressie.......................................................................................................................... 31
Culturele verschillen...................................................................................................................... 31
5. Het geheugen................................................................................................................................... 32
5.1 De bevindingen van Ebbinghaus in de 19de eeuw.......................................................................32
Zinloze lettergrepen....................................................................................................................... 32
De besparingsmethode en de vergeetcurve..................................................................................32
5.2 Het geheugenmodel van Atkinson en Shiffrin.............................................................................33
De sensorische geheugens........................................................................................................... 33
Korte termijngeheugen.................................................................................................................. 33
Langetermijngeheugen.................................................................................................................. 33
5.3 Verdere ontwikkelingen in de geheugentheorieën......................................................................34
Van KTG naar werkgeheugen....................................................................................................... 34
Een realistischere kijk op de informatieoverdracht van werkgeheugen naar LTG.........................35
5.4 Informatie oproepen uit het LTG................................................................................................ 36
Het belang van oproepaanwijzingen.............................................................................................. 36
Interferentie bij het oproepen......................................................................................................... 37
Distinctie als hulp bij het herinneren.............................................................................................. 38
De wonderbaarlijke kracht van toetsen en examens.....................................................................39
5.5 Herinnering is reconstructie......................................................................................................... 40
Organisatieschema’s..................................................................................................................... 40
Ooggetuigenverklaringen............................................................................................................... 41
Reconstructie en verdrongen herinneringen..................................................................................41
5.6 Amnesie...................................................................................................................................... 42
Types van amnesie....................................................................................................................... 42
De ontdekking van het impliciet geheugen....................................................................................42
7. Intelligentie........................................................................................................................................ 44
7.1 Wat verstaan mensen onder intelligentie?..................................................................................44
7.2 Analytische intelligentie............................................................................................................... 44
De ontwikkeling van intelligentietests............................................................................................ 44
Kenmerken van intelligentietests................................................................................................... 44
De structuur van de analytische intelligentie..................................................................................45
7.3 Praktische intelligentie................................................................................................................ 46
Theorie van Gardner..................................................................................................................... 46
Tests voor praktische intelligentie.................................................................................................. 47
7.4 Sociale en emotionele intelligentie.............................................................................................. 47
Tests voor sociaal-emotionele intelligentie....................................................................................47
Het leren van sociale vaardigheden.............................................................................................. 48
6. Motivatie........................................................................................................................................... 49

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