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Vragen tussen toetsen Vertebrate and StructuresAssesment 1: lecture 1,2,3 discussie 1,2
Origin of vertebrates
nr Statement corre incorre
ct ct
1 A taxon is considered to be monophyletic if it includes the most x
recent common ancestor and some descendants of that ancestor
2 Deuterostomes are characterised by radial cleavage and an x
entercoel coekom
3 The taxa Craniates and Vertebrates are essentially the same x
4 An important difference between extant (living) Agnatha and other x
extant Vertebrates is in the number of semicircular canals
5 Bone formation is a synapomorphic character of Telestomi x
6 Convergence may lead to a form of homplasy x
7 An overall increase in growth rate, relative to the ancestral sate, is x
an example of peramorphosis
8 Echinoderms and Hemichordates are considered closely related x
because of the resemblance in early development
9 The main function of the notochords is protection of the neural x
tube
10 Progenitors of neural crest cells can only be found within x
vertebrates
Assessment 3: lectures 6, 7 discussie 5 en 6
nr Statement corre incorre
ct ct
1 Spinal nerves run directly to their associated myotome and split the X
sclerotome
2 Cursorial stance in mammals results in longer strides X
3 The main function of the zygapophyses is limitation of torsion in the X
vertebral column
4 The haemal arch is a synapomorphic character of the actinopterygii X
5 The hyoid arch forms the ontogenetic origin of the human larynx X
6 Supination is a movement which ruminants are able to perform x
7 Crocodiles have a hyostylic jaw suspension x
8 Birds have three auditory ossicles x
9 The viscerocranium originates fully from the cranial mesoderm x
10 The secondary palate is an adaption found only in aquatic animals x
, Assessment 4: muscles form and function
nr Statement corre incorre
ct ct
1 Striated muscle needs extracellular calcium to incude contraction x
2 When the arm is flexed the biceps branchii ‘two headed muscle of x
the upper arm’’ bulges in the midle. This type of muscle consists of
pennate fibers
3 During isometric growth the mass will increase more rapidly than x
the outer surface
4 A spatially fixed closed kinematic chain containing three elements X
has one degree of freedom
5 A tube with diameter of 6 cm and a wall thickness of 1 cm is more x
bend-resistant than one with a smaller diameter but equal wall
thickness
6 In a bending beam tensile stress is neglible X
7 Transverse tubules are present in smooth muscle X
8 The series elastic components of the muscle help to maintain x
muscle tone
9 Work equals force times distance x
10 Maximum muscle force is mainly determined by the number of X (by
serial arranged sarcomeres series)
Assessment 5: lecture 10,11 and discussie 9,10
Nervous system and respiration
nr Statement corre incorre
ct ct
1 To reach high oxygen concentrations in the swimbladder, addition x
of lactic-acid to the bloodstream in the gas gland is essential
2 The aspiration pump is found in Teleostei x
3 The buccal pump is not found in amniotes x
4 Inhalation in crocodiles is achieved by expanding in the ribcage x
5 Surfactant facilitates gas exchange by increasing the surface X
tension at the water-air interface by
decreasing
6 The main function of the dorsal pallium is in perception of olfactory x
information
7 The cortio- spinal tracts have an indirect projection onto the x
cerebellum
8 In fishes the mesencephalon contains the main integration centre x
9 The limbic system is important for short-term memory x
10 In case that both stimuli are present pain is more easily perceived x
than touch
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