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macromolecules: intro
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introduction to macromolecules
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Macromolecules-introductionLearning outcomes
1. List chemical bonds found in cells
2. Describe main features of each bond
3. Summarise the monomer polymer cycle
Introduction
Molecules-groups of atoms, held together by stable association
Compounds- molecules containing more than one type of element
Atoms- held together by chemical bonds
Chemical bonds
Strong-covalent bonds
Medium-ionic bonds
Weak-hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals attractions
Covalent bonds
Form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons
Results in no net charge, satisfies octet rule, no unpaired electrons
Strength depends on number of paired electrons
Each H atom has an unpaired electron and n unfilled outer energy level, so it’s unstable
When 2 H atoms are close, each atoms electron is attracted to opposite atoms nucleus
The nuclei can share their electrons
E.g.
Single pair of electrons is weaker than 2 pairs, 2 pairs holds
tighter together as attraction to nuclei are higher.
Electron sharing diagram depicts how electrons are shared among covalently bonded
molecules
Double bond forms between 2 pairs of electrons
A polar covalent bond forms between 2 atoms that do not share electrons equally
In a polar covalent 1 atom has greater electronegativity producing
- A partial negative charge over part of the compound
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