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Kort research design van tweeling en adoptie studies

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In dit document worden de tweeling studies en adoptie studies beschreven. Er wordt een kort overzicht gegeven van wat het inhoudt. verder wordt er ook aangegeven met welke factoren er wordt onderzocht en hoe genen en omgeving af te leiden zijn van tweeling en adoptie studies. In dit document zit ee...

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  • March 9, 2021
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  • 2020/2021
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G&E Research design (English)

Behavioral genetics is the research field in which ​individual​ differences are explained by the
effects of ​Genes and Environment​.

Two often used research designs are ​twin research​ and ​adoption research​. In ​twin research​,
the resemblance of ​MZ-twins​ is compared with ​DZ-twins​. If identical twins are ​more​ similar
than fraternal twins, there is an influence of ​genes​ on behavior. If ​MZ-twins​ do not score
exactly the same, there is also an influence of the ​unique environment​. Because twins and
family members grow up in the same family, especially during childhood, there is often the
influence of the ​common environment​.

Familial outcomes are used in these types of studies, which you can express with
correlation​, ​relative risk​ or ​discordance​ and ​concordance​.

There are two options in adoption research. In the first method, also called the adoptee
study method, the starting point is the ​mother​. In the second method, also called the adoptee
family method you look at the ​offspring​.

Twin and adoption studies both have advantages and disadvantages. ​Advantages​ of the
twin research are that many twins are born and that there is no ​selection​. Twins are born in
all layers of the ​population​. D
​ isadvantages​ of twin research are that twins are often born with
low​ birth weight.

In adoption research there is ​selective placement​, because adoptive families are often
bound to high requirements. The group is also small and often not ​representative​. Adopted
children are also often born into less good ​circumstances​. For example, research from the
Early Growth and Development Study shows that the average income of the biological
parents is ​lower​ than the average income of the adoptive parents. Also, their level of
education is ​lower​ and they are more frequently ​single​. There is more open adoption
nowadays. This means that the contact of the ​biological parents​ with the child is maintained.
The advantage of adoption research is that it’s very powerful to separate the influence of
Genes​ and ​Environment​.

Over the past years, ​more​ twins were born in the Netherlands and this is in particular a
consequence of the ​age​ of the mother. Because women become ​older​ the chance of getting
a ​DZ-twin​ increases. Identical twins are produced by ​one​ fertilized egg, while in case of
fraternal twins there is a ​double​ ovulation in the mother. Twins that are still partially together
are called ​siamese twins​. It is essential to know the ​zygosity​ in twin research. This can be
determined by ​DNA​ or ​Questionnaires​.

An assumption of the twin model is the ​Equal Environment Assumption​. This assumption
implies that the ​environmental influences of identical twins​ is not ​more​ equal than the
environmental influences of fraternal twins​. Results from twin research could be ​generalized
to the general population.

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