Cambridge International AS and A Level Geography second edition
This document serves as an introduction to slopes and mass movements. Some of these include flows, falls or slides. Moreover, this document includes several Case Studies, such as the 2018 Californian mudflows. This corresponds to CIE AS level Geography.
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slope:
- inclined surface ---> hillslope
- angle of inclination ---> slope angle
- can be:
● sub-aerial - exposed
● sub-marine - underwater
● aggradational - depositional
● degradational - erosional
hillslope: area between a watershed (drainage basin divide) and the
base - may contain river/stream
Controls on slopes
Climate
humid areas - slopes are frequently rounder ---> chemical weathering,
soil creep and fluvial transport
arid regions - slopes are jagged/straight ---> physical weathering and
sheetwash
the climate factors in each area (rainfall type/intensity, temperature
range, humidity) will have an influence over the size and shape of the
slopes
- climatic geomorphology: climate conditions produce different slope
shapes
Geological structure
includes: faulting, slope dip and vulcanicity
- factors influence the strength of the rock ---> can create lines of
weakness
- rock type + character ---> affect the resistance to weathering and
downslope movement
- influences occurrence of landslips:
● composite cliffs are more vulnerable to landslides -
differential erosion
Soil
, part of regolith = a region of loose unconsolidated rock and dust that sits
atop a layer of bedrock. On Earth, regolith also includes soil.
- structure + texture ---> porosity and permeability
- a soil's capacity to hold water can determine the existence of mass
movements in the area
Aspect
the direction a slope faces
- asymmetric valley - results from the different conditions which
slopes are subjected to. In the Northern Hemisphere:
● slopes facing the South are subjected to many cycles of
freeze-thaw
● slopes facing the North remain in the shade
● solifluction + runoff ---> shape of slopes
Vegetation
interception + storage of moisture ---> decrease in overland runoff
- deforested slopes are exposed to erosion + undercutting +
saturation - California fires in 2018
- vegetation may also increase landslides - densely forested area:
● build-up of soil between trees ---> deepening regolith +
increasing potential for failure.
Mass movements
any large-scale movements of the surface of the Earth that are not
accompanied by a moving agent (river, ocean…)
very slow movements - soil creep
- more continuous ---> occur frequently
fast movement - avalanches
- infrequent
dry movement - rockfalls
fluid movements - mudflows
Classification
- speed of movement
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