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Human Anatomy and Physiology (The Human Body)
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This is the first module for the Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology course that focuses and covers all about the human body.
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Module One,Knowledge Acquisition
Table 1-1. Selected Branches of Anatomy.
Branch of Anatomy What is it about? It is the study of:
Section 1-1: Definition of Anatomy and Physiology Embryology The first eight weeks of development after fertil
(embry- = embryo) human egg
What is expected of you from this section? Developmental biology The complete development of an individual from
At the end of this section, you are expected to: to death
1. Define anatomy Cell biology Cellular structure and functions
2. Define physiology Histology (hist- = tissue) Microscopic structure of tissues
3. Enumerate several branches of anatomy and physiology Gross anatomy Structures that can be examined without a micro
Systemic anatomy Structure of specific systems of the body such as t
Where do you acquire knowledge to meet expectations? or respiratory systems
1. . Regional anatomy Specific regions of the body such as the head or c
2. Course Notes 1-1 Surface anatomy Surface markings of the body to understan
anatomy through visualization and palpation (ge
Imaging anatomy Internal body structures that can be visua
Course Notes 1-1 techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scans,
technologies for clinical analysis and medical inte
Anatomy and physiology are two branches of science that provide the foundation for Pathological anatomy Structural changes (gross to microscopic) asso
understanding the body’s parts and functions. (path- = disease) disease
Anatomy (ana- = up; -tomy = process of cutting) is the science that deals with body structures Table 1-2. Selected Branches of Physiology.
and the relationships among them Branch of Physiology What is it about? It is the study of:
Molecular physiology Functions of individual molecules, such as protei
It was first studied by dissection (dis- = apart; -section = act of cutting), which is the careful Neurophysiology Functional properties of nerve cells
cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships. Endocrinology (endo- = Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) an
within; -crin = secretion) control body functions
Today, a variety of imaging techniques also contribute to the advancement of anatomical Cardiovascular physiology Functions of the heart and blood vessels
knowledge. (cardio- = heart; -vascular =
blood vessels)
Physiology (physio- = nature; -logy = study of) is the science that studies body functions, i.e., Immunology (immun- = not The body’s defenses against disease-causing age
how the body parts work. susceptible)
Respiratory physiology Functions of the air passageways and lungs
Since structure and function are closely related, one will learn about the human body by Renal physiology (ren- = Functions of the kidneys
studying its anatomy and physiology together. kidney)
Exercise physiology Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscu
Pathophysiology Functional changes associated with disease and a
The structure of a part of the body often reflects its functions.
,Examples:
• The bones of the skull join tightly to form a rigid case that protects the brain.
• The bones of the fingers are more loosely joined to allow a variety of movements.
• The walls of the air sacs in the lungs are very thin, permitting rapid movement of inhaled
oxygen into the blood.
Self-Assessment 1-1
1. What body function might a respiratory therapist strive to improve? What structures
are involved?
2. Give your own example of how the structure of a part of the body is related to its
function.
Section 1-2: Levels of Organization and Body Systems
What is expected of you from this section?
At the end of this section, you are expected to:
1. Describe the body’s six levels of structural organization
2. Enumerate the 11 organ systems of the human body, representative organs present in
each, and their general functions
Where do you acquire knowledge to meet expectations?
1. .
2. Course Notes 1-2
Course Notes 1-2
The exploration of the human body will extend from atoms and molecules to the whole
person.
From the smallest to the largest, six levels of organization will help you to understand Figure 1-1. The six levels of structural organization of the hu
anatomy and physiology (figure 1-1). Source: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Brian H. Derrickson and Gerar
• Chemical • Organ
• Cell • Organ system
• Tissue • Organism
, Chemical Level
• This very basic level can be compared to the letters of the alphabet.
• It includes atoms, which are the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical
reactions, and molecules, which are two or more atoms joined together.
• Certain atoms, such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus
(P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S), are essential for maintaining life.
• Two familiar molecules found in the body are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is the
genetic material passed from one generation to the next, and glucose, which is
commonly known as blood sugar.
Cellular Level
• Molecules combine to form cells, which are equivalent to words in a sentence.
• Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of
chemicals, and are the smallest living units in the human body.
• Among the many kinds of cells in your body are muscle cells, nerve cells, and epithelial
cells.
• Figure 1-1 shows a smooth muscle cell, one of the three types of muscle cells in the body
(the other two being the cardiac and skeletal muscle cells).
Tissue Level
• Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to
perform a particular function
• This is similar to the way words are put together to form sentences.
• There are four basic types of tissues: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular
tissue, and nervous tissue.
• Epithelial tissue, or epithelium, covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities,
and forms glands.
• Connective tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood
vessels to other tissues.
• Muscular or muscle tissue contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.
• Nervous tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve
impulses.
• Shown in Figure 1.1 is smooth muscle tissue, which consists of tightly packed smooth
muscle cells.
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