Summary
Samenvatting History Of Biology (NWI-BB028B)
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Samenvatting van alle colleges van history of biology 2020/2021
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InhoudsopgaveWhy and how.................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Aristotle (384-322 v. Chr)............................................................................................................................................3
Alexander the great (356-323 v. Chr)..........................................................................................................................4
Hypatia (circa 360-415 n. chr)......................................................................................................................................5
Galen (129-200)...........................................................................................................................................................5
Leonardo da vinci (1452-1519)....................................................................................................................................6
Paracelsus (1493-1541)...............................................................................................................................................6
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564).....................................................................................................................................6
William harvey (1578-1657)........................................................................................................................................7
Robert knox................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Classification of nature....................................................................................................................................................8
Hans sloane.................................................................................................................................................................8
Clifford.........................................................................................................................................................................9
Carl linnaeus (1707-1778)............................................................................................................................................9
Remberdt Dodoens (1517-1585)...............................................................................................................................10
Evolution....................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Jean-baptiste lamarck (1744-1829)...........................................................................................................................11
Charles darwin(1809-1882).......................................................................................................................................11
Rise of the laboratory....................................................................................................................................................15
Robert hooke (1635-1703)........................................................................................................................................15
Antonie van leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)....................................................................................................................16
Theodor schwann (1810-1882)..................................................................................................................................17
Justus von liebig (1803-1873)....................................................................................................................................17
Louis pasteur (1822-1895).........................................................................................................................................18
Felix arhimede pouchet (1800-1872).........................................................................................................................18
Robert koch (1843-1920)...........................................................................................................................................19
From generation to genetics.........................................................................................................................................20
Gregor mendel (1822-1884)......................................................................................................................................20
Thomas hun morgan (1866-1945).............................................................................................................................21
Francis galton (1822-1911)........................................................................................................................................21
Chales davenpoort (1866-1944)................................................................................................................................22
Molecularisation of biology...........................................................................................................................................24
Herman joseph muller (1890-1967)..........................................................................................................................24
Lysenko (1898-1976).................................................................................................................................................24
Linus pauling (1901-1994).........................................................................................................................................26
Francis crick (1916-2004) en james watson (1928-heden)........................................................................................26
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, Rosalind franklin........................................................................................................................................................27
Argiculture and medicine..............................................................................................................................................28
Margaret sanger (1879-1966)....................................................................................................................................29
The arrival of the environment......................................................................................................................................32
Jacobus P thijsse (1865-1945)....................................................................................................................................32
Alexander von humboldt (1769-1859).......................................................................................................................32
Rachel carson (1907-1964)........................................................................................................................................33
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,Why and how
Why study biology?
1. Learn from our mistakes
What sould we not do again and do differently?
Eg: military adventrures or in biology: eugenics
2. Who are we
Who are our examples? Who is ‘in’? who is ‘out’?
Eg: canon of the Netherlands, biology: heroes in textbooks
3. Learn from our problems
What should we focus on? What can we expect?
Eg: the Netherlands & water, biology: difficult relation with society
4. What have we forgotten
Do we risk losing something valuable? Selective memory?
e.g: old skills, biology: taxonomic field knowledge
Problems with textbook-history
- Heroes are selective
- Portays the defeated poorly
- Societal context largely ignored
- Written for present purposes
- Story of progress, with us at the top
Presentism: Het gebruik van de geschiedenis voor dingen die we nu nodig hebben.
- Role model of the heroes, for example in textbooks
- The beginning of biology by what we now consider as the core
- What we no longer approve of is omitted from our heroes
- A lot less about the handicraft, the organization of science, the societal context: lone genius, ahead of his
time
- Conceptual anachronisms
Ana-chronism: Chronologische inconistency, misplaatst in de tijd.
Can historians show how it really was?
- The sources are only partially present: the archive is saved for a different purpose
- All history (and all knowledge) is selective: a fraction of the complex events.
- History is more than just facts: depends on what we want and can learn, the questions asked.
Manieren voor het beschrijven van geschiedenis:
- Geschiedenis van het wetenschappelijk denken: grote denkers en grote theorieen.
- Geschiedenis van de wetenschappelijke instituten: Universiteiten, bibliotheken, financiele steun.
- De intellectuele geschiedenis: wetenschap in relatie tot cultuur, wereldbeelden, kunst en religie.
- De sociale geschiedenis van de wetenschap: de invloeden van de wetenschap op de handel en toepassingen
ervan in de geneeskunde, landbouw en oorlog.
Aristotle (384-322 v. Chr)
Sommige mensen zien hem als de eerste bioloog omdat:
- Hij deed onderzoek naar de natuur
- Deed empirische waarnemingen
- Hij classificeerde meer dan 500 diersoorten
- Ontleedde dieren
- Got stories of fischers, farmers en hunters.
- In search of organism’s essence as explanation of its functions
Who was he?
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, - Philosopher, biologist, naturalist
- Prime example of empirical biology
- Prime example of Greek reason
- Big example of the interaction between empirical observation and theory
Depends on the context in which we put him: different times and people praised his various aspects, depending on
what personal quality of themselves they wanted to emphasise.
From our culture:
- Source and authority until 17th c.
- A constant reference in philosophy
- Revival with revival of the classics in 19 th c.
Wie de eerste bioloog is hangt af van je definitie van biologie, niet in alle gebieden van de wereld zien ze hem dus als
de eerste bioloog. In China hadden ze namelijk ook al biologische kennis zoals acupunctuur. Of meopotamia: large
scale agriculture, astronomy, abacus. Or Egypt: mummification from 3300BC.
Vanuit onze westerse cultuur wordt hij wel als belangrijk beschouwd. Maar wie zegt dat de westerse wereld de
standaard is voor goede wetenschap en als basis gezien kan worden?
Het ligt er dus aan wat je als ‘biologie’ beschouwt.
- Detailed knowledge (shaman, hunter, farmer)
- Systematic empirical study (Aristotle)
- Theory (4th BC)
- Biology and medicine (Hippocrates)
- Self-conscious discipline (c1800 the label biology)
- Professional organization of biology (19th c)
- Hypothetical-deductive method (20thc)
Reproductive organ of octopus. Described by Aristotle, rediscoverd by Cuvier who saw this as an
example of aristotle’s meticulous empirical research, far ahead of his time.
The middle ages, Linnaeus, and cuvier all flirted with Aristotle, but praised different
qualities: sometimes his theory, sometimes observation.
Alexander the great (356-323 v. Chr)
Kreeg les van Aristoteles. Hij verovert een ontzettend groot rijk. Wanneer hij overlijdt wordt
zijn rijk verdeeld over drie generalen. Een van deze generaals regeert over egypte vanuit
alexandrie. Hier sticht hij de bibliotheek van alexanderie in een museum. Dit is een
verzamelplaats van allerlei kennis en wetenschap.
Daarnaast wordt hier de pharos vuurtoren gebouwd, waar gehandeld kan worden en wordt
er in alexandrie veel medische kennis opgedaan doormiddel van ontledingen.
Alexandire is het middelpunt van griekenland. Later wordt deze stad overgenomen door de
romeinen. De bibliotheek wordt door de remeinen geplunderd, maar wordt pas veel later verbrand.
De reis van kennis na alexander de grote: griekse kennis
alexandrie (egypte onder cleopatra) rome (romeins rijk; alleen
praktisch gebruik van de kennis en maakten encyclopedieen)
constantinopel (byzantijnse rijk) islamitische wereld (damascus,
syrie) waar het wordt vertaald in het arabisch islamitisch spanje
noord italie (in de renaissance).
De westerse romeinen overwonnen eerst het griekse rijk. Daarna
overwon het oosterse romeinse rijk het west romeinse rijk. De kennis volgde de macht. Ondertussen waren er in
europa de middeleeuwen begonnen, waar de wetenschap en het geloof nog samen gingen. De onwetenden uit het
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