Class notes
Hoorcolleges Nederlandse Geschiedenis 2020/2021
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Aantekeningen van de hoorcolleges Nederlandse Geschiedenis. De stof die behandeld wordt loopt van de prehistorie tot het begin van de eenentwintigste eeuw.
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HoorcollegesNederlandse Geschiedenis
Februari – maart 2021
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Emma Tholen
, INHOUDSOPGAVE
Hoorcollege 1 ...................................................................................................................................................7
De prehistorie ...............................................................................................................................................7
Indeling van de 'prehistorie' .......................................................................................................................7
Romeinse geschiedenis ..................................................................................................................................9
Vestiging van het Romeinse gezag ............................................................................................................9
Bewoners van 'de Nederlanden' ............................................................................................................... 10
Romeinse invloeden ................................................................................................................................ 11
Romanisering en Germanisering.............................................................................................................. 12
Romeinse erfenis in de late oudheid......................................................................................................... 12
Vroege middeleeuwen.................................................................................................................................. 13
Chronologie ............................................................................................................................................ 13
Bewoning en bewoners in de 5e eeuw ..................................................................................................... 13
Friezen.................................................................................................................................................... 13
Politieke ontwikkelingen (ca. 500-900).................................................................................................... 13
Franken (Karolingen) .............................................................................................................................. 14
Vikingen/Noormannen ............................................................................................................................ 14
Franken en Vikingen ................................................................................................................................... 16
Frankische Nederlanden .......................................................................................................................... 16
Verspreiding van het christendom............................................................................................................ 18
Hoofdpunten ............................................................................................................................................... 18
Hoorcollege 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 19
Ecologie en het landschap ........................................................................................................................... 19
Vorming van het kustlandschap ............................................................................................................... 19
Bewoning ............................................................................................................................................... 20
De grote ontginning ................................................................................................................................ 20
Ecologische gevolgen van de ontginning ................................................................................................. 22
Artikel bodemdaling - 27 januari 2020..................................................................................................... 23
Economie, demografie en dynamiek ............................................................................................................. 24
Landschap, economische organisatie en sociale instituties op het platteland ............................................. 24
Demografische ontwikkelingen ............................................................................................................... 25
Dynamiek van de centrale middeleeuwen ................................................................................................ 25
Samenvattend ......................................................................................................................................... 26
Politieke factor? ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Politieke fragmentatie en consolidatie ......................................................................................................... 27
Politieke ontwikkelingen ......................................................................................................................... 27
Van politieke fragmentatie naar consolidatie............................................................................................ 28
Graafschap Holland................................................................................................................................. 29
Graafschap Vlaanderen ........................................................................................................................... 30
Van politieke verbrokkeling naar consolidatie ......................................................................................... 31
Religie en cultuur ........................................................................................................................................ 32
Christendom en bisschoppen ................................................................................................................... 32
Kerk, politiek en samenleving ................................................................................................................. 32
Kerk en kloosterarchitectuur.................................................................................................................... 34
Schriftcultuur .......................................................................................................................................... 35
Edelen en ridders .................................................................................................................................... 35
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 35
Hoorcollege 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 36
Crisis en herstel .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Economische crisis en bloei..................................................................................................................... 36
Economische verschuivingen .................................................................................................................. 38
Economische heroriëntatie ...................................................................................................................... 38
Dynastieën en territorialisering ................................................................................................................... 39
Nederlanden rond 1300 ........................................................................................................................... 39
Nederlanden rond 1543 ........................................................................................................................... 39
Staatsvorming en stedelijke macht ........................................................................................................... 40
Regionale vorstendommen in de late middeleeuwen ................................................................................ 41
Casus: Graafschap Holland ..................................................................................................................... 41
Bougondiërs en staatsvorming ..................................................................................................................... 43
De Bourgondische personele unie ............................................................................................................ 43
Het Bourgondische bestuur ..................................................................................................................... 45
2
, INHOUDSOPGAVE
Steden, staten en stedelijk verzet ............................................................................................................. 46
Stedelijke vertegenwoordiging ................................................................................................................ 46
Vertegenwoordiging van onderdanen....................................................................................................... 47
Medezeggenschap - Politieke participatie in Europa vóór 1800 - Wim Blockmans ................................... 47
Stedelijke verzet...................................................................................................................................... 48
Edelen en de vorst ................................................................................................................................... 48
Culturele en religieuze vernieuwing............................................................................................................. 49
Noordelijke Renaissance ......................................................................................................................... 49
Culturele ontwikkelingen ........................................................................................................................ 50
Religieuze ontwikkelingen ...................................................................................................................... 50
Lekenvroomheid en civic religion ........................................................................................................... 50
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 51
Hoorcollege 4a ............................................................................................................................................... 52
Verstedelijking en stedelijke economie ......................................................................................................... 52
Verstedelijking........................................................................................................................................ 52
Stadsrechten............................................................................................................................................ 52
Verstedelijking, ca. 1500 ......................................................................................................................... 54
Inwonersaantallen ................................................................................................................................... 55
Stedelijke economie ................................................................................................................................ 55
Macht in de stad.......................................................................................................................................... 56
Machtsverhoudingen ............................................................................................................................... 56
Stedelijk bestuur ..................................................................................................................................... 56
Sociale groepen in de stad ....................................................................................................................... 57
Stedelijke samenleving en cultuur ................................................................................................................ 57
Corporaties in de stad .............................................................................................................................. 57
Overige activiteiten ................................................................................................................................. 57
De stad als sociaal lichaam of corpus christianum .................................................................................... 57
Stedelijke normen en waarden ................................................................................................................. 58
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 59
Hoorcollege 4b ............................................................................................................................................... 60
Het Huis Habsburg - Territoriale afronding en centralisatie ........................................................................ 60
Habsbrurgers in de Nederlanden .............................................................................................................. 60
Karel V ................................................................................................................................................... 60
Habsburgse centralisatie .......................................................................................................................... 62
Landvoogde(sse)n ................................................................................................................................... 63
De Reformatie ............................................................................................................................................. 63
Doopsgezinden ....................................................................................................................................... 63
Het calvinisme - formulieren van enigheid............................................................................................... 64
De Opstand tot 1581 ................................................................................................................................... 65
Adviseurs van de landvoogdes................................................................................................................. 65
Overzicht Opstand tot 1581 ..................................................................................................................... 66
Alva en de Raad van Beroerten ............................................................................................................... 70
Hoorcollege 5 ................................................................................................................................................. 71
Een nieuwe landsheer? en de successen van Maurits ................................................................................... 71
Voorgeschiedenis .................................................................................................................................... 71
Frans van Anjou...................................................................................................................................... 71
Willem van Oranje .................................................................................................................................. 71
Robert Dudley, graaf van Leicester.......................................................................................................... 72
Nederland wordt een republiek ................................................................................................................ 72
Stadhouders ............................................................................................................................................ 73
Ingenieur voor de opstand ....................................................................................................................... 73
Belegeringen van Maurits (en Willem Lodewijk) vanaf 1590 ................................................................... 74
Gewesten met stem in de Staten Generaal ................................................................................................ 75
Vrede of Bestand ......................................................................................................................................... 76
Twaalfjarig Bestand 1609-1621............................................................................................................... 76
Spanningen binnen de gereformeerde kerk............................................................................................... 76
Een politieke moord .................................................................................................................................... 78
Johan van Oldenbarnevelt ....................................................................................................................... 78
Hoorcollege 6 ................................................................................................................................................. 79
Culturele bloei ............................................................................................................................................ 79
3
, INHOUDSOPGAVE
Term Gouden Eeuw ................................................................................................................................ 79
Schilderkunst .......................................................................................................................................... 79
Architectuur............................................................................................................................................ 80
Muziek ................................................................................................................................................... 80
Literatuur................................................................................................................................................ 81
Universiteiten in de Republiek................................................................................................................. 81
De Nadere Reformatie............................................................................................................................. 81
Wetenschap ............................................................................................................................................ 82
Economische expansie ................................................................................................................................. 82
Demografische gegevens......................................................................................................................... 83
Handel en visserij.................................................................................................................................... 83
Jan van Riebeeck in zuidelijk Afrika .................................................................................................... 83
Nijverheid............................................................................................................................................... 84
Opkomst van de pers ............................................................................................................................... 84
Cartografie.............................................................................................................................................. 84
Grote mogendheid ....................................................................................................................................... 85
Buitenlandse factoren .............................................................................................................................. 85
Stadhouder Frederik Hendrik................................................................................................................... 85
Piet Heyn en de Zilvervloot (1628) .......................................................................................................... 85
Vrede van Munster (1648)....................................................................................................................... 85
Grote Vergadering van 1651 ................................................................................................................... 86
Johan de Witt (1625-1672) ...................................................................................................................... 86
Nederlands-Engelse Zeeoorlogen ............................................................................................................ 86
Rampjaar 1672........................................................................................................................................ 87
Hoorcollege 7 ................................................................................................................................................. 89
Introductie .................................................................................................................................................. 89
Regentencultuur ......................................................................................................................................... 90
Stadhouder Johan Willem Friso (1707-1711) ........................................................................................... 91
Regentencultuur ...................................................................................................................................... 91
Grote Vergadering 1716-1717 ................................................................................................................. 92
Kerstvloed, 24-25 december 1717 ........................................................................................................... 92
Bedreiging dijken door paalworm ca. 1730 .............................................................................................. 92
Veepestepidemieën ................................................................................................................................. 93
Schrijver in de eerste helft 18e eeuw........................................................................................................ 93
Vervolging sodomieten ca. 1730 ............................................................................................................. 93
Willem IV en daarna ................................................................................................................................... 94
Marijke Meu als regentes (1711-1731) .................................................................................................... 94
Stadhouder Willem IV (1731/1747-1751) ................................................................................................ 94
Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog (1740-1748) .............................................................................................. 95
Na Willem IV ......................................................................................................................................... 96
Patriotten versus prinsgezinden ................................................................................................................... 96
De 'Wittenoorlog' .................................................................................................................................... 96
Stadhouder Willem V (1751/1766-1795) ................................................................................................. 96
Vierde Engelse Zeeoorlog (1780-1784) ................................................................................................... 97
Goejanverwellesluis (zomer 1787)........................................................................................................... 97
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 98
Hoorcollege 8 ................................................................................................................................................. 99
De lange termijn van de Nederlandse economie ........................................................................................... 99
Bevolkingsontwikkeling.......................................................................................................................... 99
Aard van de Nederlandse economische ontwikkeling ............................................................................. 100
19e eeuw: beperkte groei, late industrialisatie, agrarische depressie .......................................................... 101
Eind 18e, begin 19e eeuw ....................................................................................................................... 101
1ste helft 19e eeuw ................................................................................................................................. 101
Landbouw............................................................................................................................................. 102
Internationale diensten .......................................................................................................................... 103
2de helft 19e eeuw ................................................................................................................................. 104
Nederlands-Indië................................................................................................................................... 104
Agrarische Depressie 1873 .................................................................................................................... 105
Samenvatting 2de helft 19e eeuw .......................................................................................................... 105
Internationals in Nederland ................................................................................................................... 106
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