100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Block 3.6. Neuropsychology (Clinical Specialization): Problem 3 Executive Functioning, English summary $6.96   Add to cart

Summary

Block 3.6. Neuropsychology (Clinical Specialization): Problem 3 Executive Functioning, English summary

 17 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution

Summary of PRoblem 3 referring to executive functioning, detailed summary of the articles and chapters of the course. The grade obtained for the course was 8.6.

Preview 2 out of 7  pages

  • March 22, 2021
  • 7
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary
avatar-seller
Chapter 22: Attention
Attention & Consciousness
 Attention: selective focus and narrowing to a part of sensory environment or a class of stimuli (e.g. sensory input,
motor info, memories, internal states)
 Unconscious
 Conscious
 Consciousness: awareness and meta-awareness related to the ability to organize sensory and motor abilities
 People with neglect have also cognitive and behavioral neglect
 Main difference: attention focus on specific features of the world and consciousness is not selective (gist of the
world)

Attention
Automatic and Conscious processing

 Automatic process, covert: unconscious, non-intentional, involuntarily, without awareness or interference
 It can be innate trait or obtained by training
 Bottom-up : stimulus centered, e.g. stopping at a red light
 Conscious, overt: effortful, control, attentive
 Top-down : conceptually driven, relies on info in memory e.g. searching for street sign

Treisman’s Feature Search model-Feature integration theory

 Feature search: “Pop-out effect” search is independent of number of distractors, target has a pop out feature
e.g. extra tail
 Serial search: person scans, distractor dependent
 Conjunction search: focused attention, serial process, searching for
particular combinations, similarities between targets-distractors e.g. form
and color differences or thick line and form.
Attention:
1. Pre-attentive stage: stimuli is presented, feature search (biological sign)
2. Attentive stage: is directed to the fixation point-attention spotlight, and all
features are integrated to form a unitary object
3. Perceived (object file)  stored in memory (object recognition)
o Odd-face task: sad faces faster detected than happy faces (evolutionary
perspective
Neurophysiological evidence

 Neuronal selective attention (V4 & TE – ventral system): pre-training  neurons respond to stimuli in all
locations, post-training  neuron responds only to stimulus in a specific location, ignoring the extra info
 Selective attention: when a task is more demanding and requires extra attention, firing is increased and neuros
change their stimulus selectivity
 Pulvinar complex (thalamus) reward = more activity, projections, maybe involved in Treisman’s attention
 Divided attention: bottleneck of attention, when a task is more demanding we stop any other task to focus on that,
we pay attention to one task per time, if we try to divide attention (multitask) performance suffers
 Parallel processing: serial processing (brief cycles of scene processing), cross-modal (sensory interaction,
decrease in one system increase in other)  if one modality requires extra attention = performance drops
 Functional evidence: moving target expt  i)shift attention, ii) stimulus fixation, when fixation increase in
posterior parietal cortex, left pc was active if stimuli was present in right fields, right pc active in both cases
 Selective attention: V4, V3, TE, PP
 Divided attention: DLFPC (different activation in selective and bimodal), ACC, PP
 Parietal: location, Occipitotemporal: features


Attention networks

, Networks Function/Location Modulation
 RAS (reticular activating system): maintain alertness
Noradrenergic system
Alerting  Noradrenergic projections from locus coeruleus brain stem 
(norepinephrine)
forebrain (preparation for rapid stimulus detection)
 Main function is prioritizing of sensory input (modality, location)
Dorsal = top-down, visuospatial Ventral = bottom-up, re-orienting
o Location: frontal eye o Location: TPJ,VPFC
Orienting fields, IPS, right- o Additions: pulvinar cortex Cholinergic system
lateralized (Th)  Treisman
o Lesions: neglect o Function reduction of
competing sensory info
Two networks with top-down functions
1. DLPFC - parietal network: instructions in the start of task,
moment-to-moment
Dual executive Dopamine
2. AC (medial frontal) – anterior insula: sustained activity during
a task
 Not universally accepted, some prefer single executive system


 Self-control/regulation: prefrontal and ACC
 Impaired networks: stress interferes with DLPFC, AC and
parietal lobe activation
 Increase of global synchrony in the brain during attention

Inattention
A. Absence of visual attention
1. Inattention blindness: do not realize event that happens
simultaneously with their task (Gorilla)
2. Change blindness: inability to realize changes of the presence, identity and location of objects in scenes
 Person change, items appear/disappear take seconds to notice
3. Attentional blink: inability to monitor a 2nd target after 500ms of the 1st, does not allow awareness of second
 The notice all of them if they are told to
o WHY?: unattended stimuli are not processed, executive attentional network selectively activate areas in
ventral stream people with lesions have problems with conscious attention.
B. Sensory Neglect: right parietal (both left and right field), left neglect can occur (no back-up)
 Prism adaptation: great improvements, even two hours after removal superior to googles
o Frontal lesions disrupt prism adaptation, frontal lobes are central in controlling movement through
corollary discharge (sign from motor to sensory system indicating movement was produced)
o Neglect can also occur from frontal lobe lesions
o Frontal attention influences the way we perceive space

Executive functioning as a predictor of stroke
rehabilitation outcomes, Beckett
Objective: The purpose of this research was to assess the contribution of executive functioning (EF) at
discharge to the prediction of functional status at several time points between discharge from a stroke
rehabilitation unit and 12months, in comparison with depression, mental status, comorbidity, and pain
at discharge, and daily functioning prior to admission
Results: Executive functioning, depression, and pre-admission ADL functioning were strong
predictors of outcome at all five time points, while neither comorbidity nor mental status were
retained in any regression models. Pain at discharge was a significant predictor at discharge and
6month follow-up.
Conclusions: Executive functioning and depression are robust predictors of functional status following
stroke rehabilitation. Although not consistently a significant predictor, pain might also be a useful
addition to predictive models.

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller foteinisav. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $6.96. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

67474 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$6.96
  • (0)
  Add to cart