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Lecture notes Environmental Psychology
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College notes Environmental Psychology, including notes from the guest lectures. I have structured the notes per article.
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Environmental psychologyWeek 1
Reciprocal relation between person and environment.
In nature people opt more for future outcome, wait longer for more money
Environment influences actual behavior.
Better well-being for kids when green schoolyard.
- Higher appreciation
- Less bullying
- Better concentration levels for boys
Raise awareness by protesting
- Takes courage
- Organization: when want big impact
- Communication: need to know what to communicate
- Altruism: care for collective sake
Greenhouse effect is one of the largest environmental problems globally.
Air pollution, long diseases related to it. In Netherlands also strong air pollution.
When things become sensery, closeby, then start to read on it. when become closer think
oeh something is going on.
- Hurricanes
Good for awareness when celebrities also feel the consequences, celebrities are seen as
leaders, people follow them.
Forms or relationships between person and environment
- Environment guides and constrains behavior
- Long term exposure to general conditions may exert generalized effects
- Behavior is oriented toward environment
Relation with environment and affect
- Affect evoked by stimulus characteristics
- Environment determines approach and avoidance reactions
- Adaptation
There are several problems that seem environmental but are primarily social, economic and
educational (slums and ghetto’s)
Individual differences, some feel more connected to nature than others.
Goldberg 1969 the automobile, a social institution for adolescents
Youngsters drive fast cars, Causing hinder for others
,Adolescents love cars, competition, sexual symbol
Men: windows rolled down to call out for girls, often drive alone and sometimes in pairs, hot
cars
Women: don’t drive alone, in pairs then open to date, with three then only open for cheese,
in control, windows closed, only when interested, open the window
Cruising cost enough amusement for them
Kaplan 1995 the restorative benefits of nature
Nature can help restore people’s attention
Three components:
- Directed attention: direct focus
- Consequences of fatigue
- Restoration
Being fatigued have consequences
- Poor concentration
- Easily annoyed
- Inclined to make errors
- Unwilling to help others
People feel they have to restore this
Aspect to restore better
- Sense of being away from daily life activities
- Fascinating environment
- Compatibility: environment matches your goals, then also helps you to restore,
environment have nice facility.
- Characteristics of extend: feeling enough time to linger on in environment. Nature
have more of these aspects than urban environment, nature helps people to restore.
Restoration effect of nature.
Research Hartig & Staats 2006
Students more refreshed or students were fatigued. One went to long lecture, others not.
Then watches series of 50 pictures with urban or nature pictures.
Interaction between being fatigued and environment was significant. When fatigued the
preference for urban decreased.
Results give evidence to the theory of Kaplan
Goslin et al 2002 a room with a cue
A room can say something about the person living in that room.
,Cue’s
- Self-directed identity claims: holiday souvenir, to remind yourself of your vacation, it
is for yourself
- Other directed identity claims: your achieves, professional certificate, show off for
others as well.
- Interior behavioral residue: aspects in the room that shows what you do in that room
- Exterior behavioral residue: belong to the things you do outside the room, football or
umbrella.
Data collection:
- Occupants real personality: occupants and close peers rating on personality measure
- Characteristics of room: team of coders in the room
- Observer judgments: personality ratings based on examination of occupants
environment.
Extraversion, conscientiousness and openness to experience can be predicted from
someone’s room.
Harding 1968 the tragedy of the commons
Environmental problems occur due to overpopulation. Around 1970 the line went up.
Statements from the paper
- Population growth has to be 0. From 2 parents, 2 children max
- People must restrict themselves in getting more children, but is this moral and ethical
- The morality of an act in a function of the state at the time it is performed
- Conscience actions is self-eliminating, if not reproducing because conscious moral
act, your genes will not prolong. So conscience is self-eliminating
- Have to make agreement together
- Freedom in a commons.
Too much freedom in using the common goods, than depletion (uitputting)
People find private interest more important than collective interest.
Uncertainty: Individual don’t know that other people would do and therefore people often
don’t act cooperatively.
Van vugt 2009 averting the tragedy of the commons
Provide people with enough information. People also have need to belong to the social
group.
He found in study that when people identified with the community more, they used less of
the common good. Identify make you care more for the others.
, People also wanted trust. Mutual agreement. Reward responsible use, then in your interest
to not take much from common good.
Van der wal et al 2018 Temporal myopia in sustainable behavior under uncertainty
Interventions to motivate people to act more sustainably.
When people were uncertain, they were not willing to pay more for sustainable products.
Uncertainty, then don’t buy sustainable cause more expensive.
When not uncertain then they were willing to pay more for sustainable products.
Uncertainty influences sustainability negatively.
Humans when uncertain, more focused on immediate outcomes.
Adopt a faster life strategy.
Sustainability is related to slow life strategy. Take future into account.
So stress immediate outcomes of sustainable products, helps you saves money immediate,
play with the framing of the text.
In immediate framing conditions also people who were uncertain find sustainability
attractive.
Kotlet 2011 Reinventing marketing to manage the environmental imperative
Marketers look at consumption, natural and infinite.
Sustainable marketer views: earth resources are finite and fragile. Quality of life don’t
increase with more consumption.
Now consumers find social responsibility very important.
Four p’s:
- Product: source of the materials, their carbon footprint, packaging
- Price: environmentally involved customers willing to pay more
- Place: more locally based production: online selling to reduce consumer driving
- Promotion: shirt promotion from print to online, specify carbon footprint
Week 2
Steady growth of urban population worldwide because city’s offer work for people and
people want to live close to their work.
- Crowd, many stimuli and people, feeling of stress and information overload
- More crime, more pollution (verontreiniging)
- + lot to do, exciting, diverse, education, hospitals
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