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SOCIOLOGY 252 – INDUSTRIAL SOCIOLOGYTHEME 1
LECTURE 1: Work in Historical Perspective
Agricultural Employment in Global Perspective, 2015
- The primary sector of the economy predominates in societies that are least
developed. Thus, in the poor countries of Africa and Asia, half, or even three-
quarters, of all workers are farmers. This picture is altogether different among the
world’s most economically developed countries – including the United States,
Canada, Great Britain, and Australia – which have less than 10% of their work force
in agriculture.
A Typology of Meaning of Work
- Expressive
o Work as an intrinsically satisfying activity: enjoyment, sense of
accomplishment, desire for new experience.
o Work as a status and prestige bestowing activity: desire for status (money or
social).
o Work as morally correct activity: activity that fulfils a prescribed role.
o Work as a source of satisfying interpersonal experiences: association with
others.
- Instrumental
o Work as an economic activity, a means of survival: money.
o Work as a scheduled or routinized activity which keeps one occupied: vehicle
to avoid negative consequences associated with laziness and idleness.
Work in Pre-Industrial Societies
1. Hunting and Gathering Societies
o 12,000 yrs ago all humans’ hunters and gathers
o Nomadic, kinship, limited technology, stone
o Share work, limited division of labour, work relations cooperative
o Religion- spiritual leader
Few modern San are able to continue as hunter-gatherers, and most live at the
very bottom of the social scale. These migratory people do not domesticate
animals or cultivate crops, even through their knowledge of both flora and fauna
is vast. The San are a friendly, creative and peaceful people.
,2. Horticultural & Pastoral Societies
o Emerged less than 10-12,000 years ago; new technology (garden hoe)
o Cultivation of plants and domestication of animals
o Semi-nomadic
o Created surplus for trade, more specialised and complex social arrangement
o Social inequality
o Religion
o First predatory era
o Division of labour - worker and warrior
People of Kenya (The Maasai)
Famous as herders and warriors, the Maasai once dominated the plains of East
Africa; now, they are confined to a fraction of their former range. The Maasai are
pastoralist and have not strayed from the traditional ways of life. The Maasai try
to resist the urging of the Tanzanian and Kenyan governments to adopt a more
sedentary lifestyle; instead, they prefer to remain nomadic herdsmen, moving as
their needs necessitate. This is becoming more difficult in modern times as their
open plains disappear. Rejecting the cash economy and refusing to settle or
become farmers has made life difficult and harsh.
3. Agrarian Societies
o Emerged about 5,000 yrs ago.
o Harnessing of animal power for agriculture and transport; technological
innovation.
o Massive increase in production; permanent settlement.
o Social differentiation, money, expansion of different trades/occupations and
urbanisation.
o Religion and social order.
o Important historical juncture – emergence of productive and unproductive
labour, class structure.
Features of pre-industrial societies
o Work is embedded in social relations.
o Surplus is shared.
o Traditional obligation in employment structures.
o Sense of social solidarity – important to help each other.
,4. Industrial Societies
o (1st) Industrialism and industrial revolution 1750.
o New forms of energy.
o Factories
o Work moved from home & on land to the factory.
o Rapid social transformation.
o Transportation and electronic communication.
5. 2nd Industrial Societies
o New source of power: electricity, chemicals.
o Communication and transportation revolutions: invention of the telegraph, the
telephone, automobile and the plane.
o Replacement of iron with steel - rail lines, ships, skyscrapers and bridges.
o Displacement of workers in favour of more efficient machines - Fordism,
Taylorism
Social Consequences of Industrialisation
o Pollution
o Loss of working relationships & kinship ties.
o Life expectancy; immigration; standard of living.
o Occupational specialisation; anonymity & cultural diversity.
o Change in social relations.
o Erosion of traditional values.
o Singles; divorce; single parenting; homosexuality and stepfamilies.
o Equality and inequality grow.
o Unemployment & poverty.
, A Conceptualization of ‘Capitalist’ Industrial Long-Wave Transformation - 3 rd Revolution in
Rooted in Production
Capitalist Industrial Major Technologies Capitalist form of
Revolution (Technological Regime) economic organization
Initially textile machinery,
st
1 (1770s – 1780s) iron working, waterpower,
Small family firms
(Led by Britain) potteries (later steam
engines, railways etc.)
Initially electricity and
2nd (1870s/1880s) chemicals, steel (later National shareholding
(Led by Germany) automobiles, aircraft, Corporation
synthetic materials etc.)
Initially ICT, Biotechnology
3rd (1970s/1980s) (later other new science Transnational Corporation-
(Led by the USA) based technologies, cum- Networks
e.g.nanotechnology)
1st Revolution 2nd Revolution 3rd Revolution
1809 – proclamation
regulating the use of Khois,
1652 - Corporate capture Sans & coloured labour for 1977 – Mandatory sanctions
of the Cape white farmers 1990 – unbanning
1770s - Wars of 1834 – Slavery abolished 1994 – Democratic elections
Dispossession 1860 – first steam train 2000s – ASGISA, JIPSA,
(frontier wars) (Durban) NDP
1910 – Union of SA
1923 – ESCOM
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