nr 283 exam 1 study guide nr283 exam 1 study guide latest 100 correct
chamberlain college of nursing
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CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE OF NURSING
NR 283 (NR283)
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NR 283 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Chapter One
Atrophy:
Decrease in the size of cells
Results in reduced tissue mass
Common causes: reduced use of the tissue, insufficient nutrition, decrease
neurologic or hormonal stimulation, aging
Hypertrophy:
Increase in cell size
Results in enlarged tissue mass
Causes: additional work by the tissue, excessive hormonal stimulation
Hyperplasia:
Increased number of cells
Results in enlarged tissue mass
Causes: compensatory mechanism to meet increased demand, or pathologic
when there is a hormonal imbalance
Metaplasia:
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Adaptive mechanism that provided more resistance tissue
Dysplasia:
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
Chronic irritation infection, or it may be a precancerous change
Anaplasia:
Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures
Characteristic of cancer
Neoplasia:
New growth
Commonly called tumor
Aptosis:
, Normal; refers to programmed cell death
Causes of cell death:
Ischemia and hypoxia
Physical damage
Mechanical damage
Chemical damage
Microorganisms/pathogens
Abnormal metabolites
Nutritional deficiency
Fluid imbalance
Ischemia:
Most common cause of cell death
Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ due to circulation
obstruction
Hypoxia:
Reduced oxygen in tissues
Result insufficient oxygen and reduced cellular metabolism
Mechanical Cell Damage:
Pressure or tearing of tissue
Chemical Toxins:
Exogenous: from the environment
Endogenous: from inside the body
Stages of Cell Damage:
Reversible: alteration of metabolic reaction, temporary loss of function
Irreversible: cell dies
Necrosis:
Group of cells die
, Gangrene:
Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
Chapter Twenty
Differentiation:
Each cell type differentiates and carries out particular functions
The structure reflects the function of the tissue
Benign:
Have tissue name plus the suffix –oma
Differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher rate than normal
Encapsulated
Tissue damage
Malignant:
Have the tissue name plus the suffix –carcinoma
Sarcomas: tumor of the connective tissue... Often malignant
Undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells
Rapid reproduction
Infiltrate and spread to surrounding tissue
Spread to different sites
Warning Signs of Cancer:
Unsual bleeding or discharge anywhere in the body
Change in bowel or bladder habits
Change in wart or mole
A sore that does not heal
Unexplained weight loss
Anemia, low hemoglobin and persistent fatigue
Persistent cough or hoarseness without reason
A solid lump; in the breast/testes, or anywhere in the body
Local Effects of Tumors:
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