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Summary Chapter 11 Nutrients
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Chapter 11 Nutrients, hormones and gene interactionUnhealthy diet obesity/overweight diabetes type 2, cardiovascular diseases and
cancer
10 ways to protect yourself against cancer:
1. Be a healthy weight nutrition
2. Be physically active exercise – lower incidence breast and colon cancer
3. Eat a diet rich in wholegrains, vegetables, fruit and beans nutrition – plant-
based food
All plant-based food contain dietary fiber (voedingsvezel).
Mechanisms for fibers to inhibit colon tumorigenesis:
- Dilution and adsorption of carcinogens in intestinal lumen – dietary fibers
are able to bind the carcinogens so that they cannot interact with epithelial
cell it might protect them
- Modulation of colonic microbial metabolic activity – dietary fibers are
fermented into short chain fatty acids and they are the energy supply for
the epithelial cells in the codon so the activity increases
- Biological modification of intestinal epithelia cells
Dietary fibers also bind minerals which may inhibit carcinogenesis
4. Limit consumption of red and processed meat nutrition
5. Limit consumption of fast food nutrition
6. Limit consumption of sugar-sweetened drinkgs nutrition
7. Limit alcohol consumption nutrition
8. Breastfeed your baby if you can nutrition
9. Do not use nutritional supplements nutrition
10. After cancer diagnosis follow nutritional recommendations nutrition
So, diet play a role in both causation and prevention of cancer
Food and cancer
Nutrition have direct effect on health
Food and nutrients have different effect on health
What does food do?
1. Food produce energy: carbohydrate, fats and proteins provide us
with glucose, fatty acids and amino acids which can be
metabolized to produce energy
2. Food supply precursors for biosynthetic reactions; example,
proteins provide a source of nitrogen needed for the synthesis of
the nitrogenous bases of DNA
3. Food substantiate enzyme function; vitamins and minerals provide
co-factors needed for the function of many enzymes
4. Food inhibit or delay the damaging action of ROS (free radicals):
microconstituents are present in the food we eat (broccoli, sprout,
tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants (aubergine), berries, onion, garlic, peppers and
chocolate) and act as antioxidants
What studies show:
, - Beta carotene in the form of fruit and vegetables: reduce lung cancer. So,
higher serum beta-carotene lower all-cause mortaility.
- Beta carotene supplement: increase lung cancer in smokers.
Demonstrated by the alpha-tocopherol beta-carotene cancer prevention
study (ATBC)
Nutrigenomics: dietary constituents (voedingsbestanddelen) can affect gene
expression.
Components of foods regulate gene expression
Causative factors
o Carcinogenic contaminants: food can carry harmful factors in addition
to nutritional value
Example PAH – are in our environment come from fire, industry,
cigarette smoke or car exhaust
Cooking meat at high temperature; burned organic material like
meat and fat from meat (BBQ)/smoked food like meat.
Heterocyclic amines are produced which lead to formation of
DNA adducts resulting in base substitutions and thus mutations
Aflatoxin B; fungal (Schimmel) product, peanut contaminant, GC
to TA transversions and is involved in liver carcinomas
Food preservatives (conserveringsmiddelen); sodium nitrite may
produce carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds
Salmon is a fatty fish; accumulates pollutants and can pass
genotoxic contaminants to humans
Nitrate rich vegetables: spinach, lettuce, beetroot, endive. Bacteria can
produce nitrite from nitrate this can be dangerous. But when it saved by
cooling and store less than 2 days in the fridge it is save.
Red meat may cause intestinal cancer/lung cancer. Red meat contains
high levels of heam iron which contributes to nitrosamines forming and
carcinogenic effects.
o Dietary deficiencies: lack of particular essential nutrient may enhance
the risk of cancer
Example folate (B-vitamine). If folate is deficient it increases the risk of
colorectal cancer.
Because low folate low DNA methylation increase cancer
risk
Because low folate inhibits dTMP synthesis more dUMP
into DNA DNA damage increase cancer risk
o Obesity
Sex hormone metabolism: In obesity there are a lot of fat cells
that contain aromatase. Aromatase place an important role in
estrogen production. Estrogen produce a carcinogenic action
Increased adipocyte hormone (adipokines): obesity causes
chronic inflammatory response and produces tumor promoting
cytokines (adipokines) (IL-6, TNF)
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